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2006高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛B题评阅要点

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发表于 2006-11-24 16:55:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<h2 class="diaryTitle">2006高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛B题评阅要点</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 17.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.46; mso-para-margin-left: 17.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">问题(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">利用附件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的数据预测继续治疗的效果,或者确定最佳治疗终止时间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">分析数据</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">随机取若干个病人,画出他们</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">浓度随时间变化的图形(折线),可以看出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">大致有先增后减的趋势,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">有先减后增的趋势,启示应建立时间的二次函数模型(若先用一次函数模型,应与二次函数模型做统计分析比较)。附件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">中个别病人缺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">数据(数据表中为空),计算时应注意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">建立模型</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">可能有以下形式的回归模型:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">总体回归模型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">用全部数据拟合一个模型,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub>=b<sub>0</sub>+b<sub>1</sub>t<sub>ij</sub>+b<sub>2</sub>t<sub>ij</sub><sup>2</sup></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">t<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">为第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">i</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">病人第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">次测量时间,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">为第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">i</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">病人第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">次测量值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)或测量值与初始值之比。一次与二次函数模型比较,二次较优。用数据估计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>0</sub>,b<sub>1</sub>,b<sub>2</sub>, </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2</sub>&lt;0, b<sub>1</sub>&gt;0, t=-b<sub>1</sub>/2b<sub>2</sub>
                        </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">达到最大;对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2</sub>&gt;0,b<sub>1</sub>&lt;0, t=-b<sub>1</sub>/2b<sub>2</sub>
                        </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">达到最小。一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25~30</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(周)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">达到最大、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">达到最小。可以合理地确定最佳治疗终止时间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2) </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">个人回归模型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">用每个病人的数据拟合一个模型,如上式(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>k</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">改为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>ik</sub>, k=0,1,2</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">),</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">计算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>ik</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的均值和均方差,用均值同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)可得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的最大点和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的最小点,一般为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20~30</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(周)。可对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">统计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2i</sub>&lt;0, b<sub>1i</sub>&gt;0</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(存在正最大点)及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2i</sub>&gt;0</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(不存在最大点)的频率,对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">统计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2i</sub>&gt;0, b<sub>1i</sub>&lt;0</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(存在正最小点)及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>2i</sub>&lt;0</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">(不存在最小点)的频率,在一定条件下可以作为终止治疗与继续治疗的概率(一般为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">0.6~0.8</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">0.3~0.2</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">);也可用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>ik</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的均值和均方差在一定分布的假定下直接计算这些概率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p></p>
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-24 16:55:57 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)分段时序模型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">以前的资料如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>i</sub></font></span><sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span></sub><font face="Times New Roman"><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">j-1</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">, t<sub>ij</sub>-t<sub>i</sub></span></font><sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j-1</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j-1</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">段的斜率等为变量建立模型(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j=3,4,5,6</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">),由数据估计系数,预测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,然后对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">统计预测的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">大于实际的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>i</sub></font></span><sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j-1</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的频率,对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">统计预测的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>ij</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">小于实际的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">y<sub>i</sub></font></span><sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,</span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">j-1</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的频率,由此得到应终止治疗的时段。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)纵向数据回归模型(处理这类问题的专门方法)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">将模型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>ik</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">分解为固定效应参数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>k</sub>,</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">与随机效应参数</span><span lang="EN-US" mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" mso-char-type="" mso-symbol-font-family="" symbol="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ik</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">之和(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k=0,1,2</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">),设</span><span lang="EN-US" mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" mso-char-type="" mso-symbol-font-family="" symbol="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ik</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">服从零均值正态分布,利用极大似然估计可以得到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>k</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的估计值及</span><span lang="EN-US" mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" mso-char-type="" mso-symbol-font-family="" symbol="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ik</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的方差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">b<sub>k</sub></font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的估计值用于计算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的最大点和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的最小点,它与</span><span lang="EN-US" mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" mso-char-type="" mso-symbol-font-family="" symbol="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ik</font></span></sub><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的方差一起可以像</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">)一样在正态分布假定下计算终止治疗与继续治疗的概率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"></span></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"></span></p>
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-24 16:56:27 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">注</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">1</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                        </span></font><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">建立几种模型相互比较、验证者较优。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">
                </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">注2<span times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span></b><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">不能只有模型,不做统计分析;对模型结果进行统计分析,考虑与数据拟合程度、注意去除异常数据者较优。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">注3<span times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span></b><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">注意到有一些数据是当出现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">下降、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">上升就及时结束的,并做出适当考虑者较优。</span>
        </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">注4<span times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span></b><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">注意到题目中“艾滋病治疗的目的,是尽量减少人体内</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">的数量,同时产生更多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">,至少要有效地降低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CD4</font></span><span mso-hansi-font-family="" times="" new="" roman="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ;">减少的速度”,并对结果做出适当考虑者较优。</span></p>
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-24 16:58:24 | 显示全部楼层
<p>问题(2) 利用附件2的数据,评价4种疗法的优劣,并对较好疗法预测继续治疗的效果,或者确定最佳治疗终止时间。</p><p><br/>回归模型方法</p><p><br/>1.分析数据&nbsp; 对于每种疗法随机取若干个病人,画出他们CD4随时间变化的图形(折线),可以看出疗法1~3的CD4基本上水平,略有下降,而疗法4有先增后减的趋势。启示应建立时间的一次与二次函数模型,经统计分析比较,确定哪种较优。</p><p><br/>2.建立模型&nbsp; </p><p><br/>1)回归模型&nbsp; 可以引入4(或3)个0-1变量表示4种疗法建立统一模型,或者对每种疗法各建立一个模型(一般来说前者较优);仍可利用问题(1)中的各种模型。以总体回归模型为例,分别用一次与二次时间函数模型进行比较,可知疗法1~3用一次模型较优,且一次项系数为负,即CD4在减少,从数值看疗法3优于疗法2和1;疗法4用二次模型较优,即CD4先增后减,在t=20左右达到最大。可以通过4条回归曲线进行比较,显示疗法4在30周之前明显优于其它。</p><p><br/>年龄的处理:简单地增加年龄变量;按年龄分组,考虑不同年龄的影响。</p><p><br/>2)用假设检验做疗法有无显著性差异的两两比较&nbsp; 用1个0-1变量构造两种疗法的统一模型,可以用t检验作回归系数是否为零的假设检验(与回归系数置信区间是否含零点等价)。结果是疗法1与2无显著性差异,而疗法1与3,2与3,3与4均有显著性差异。</p><p><br/>注&nbsp; 注意问题(1)的几个注。</p><p><br/>线性规划模型方法</p><p><br/>1. 数据分析&nbsp; 考虑到治疗的效果与患者的年龄有关,将患者按年龄分组,如14~25岁,25~35岁,35~45岁及45岁以上4组。每组中按照4种疗法和4个治疗阶段(如0~10周,10~20周,20~30周,30~40周),构造16个决策单元。取4种药品量为输入,治疗各个阶段末患者的CD4值与开始治疗时CD4值的比值为输出。 </p><p><br/>2.&nbsp; 建立模型&nbsp; 利用相对有效性评价方法,建立分式规划模型并经过变换,转化为线性规划模型求解,对各年龄组患者在各阶段的治疗效率进行评价。计算结果:对第1年龄组疗法2和4在整个治疗中效率较高,在第4阶段仍然有效;对第2年龄组疗法1在第1,2阶段有效;对第3年龄组疗法1,2,3在第1阶段有效;对第4年龄组疗法1,2在第1,2阶段有效。表明只有14~25岁的年4种轻患者,才能在治疗的最后阶段仍然有有效的疗法。</p><p><br/>由线性规划模型的对偶形式建立预测模型,对各年龄组各种疗法下一阶段的疗效进行预测。若由某决策单元得到的实际输出大于预测输出,则该决策单元相对有效;反之,说明该种疗法对该组患者在治疗的未来阶段不再有效,应该转换疗法。</p><p><br/>问题(3)如果病人需要考虑4种疗法的成本,对(2)中的评价和预测(或者提前终止)有什么改变。</p><p><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 根据提供的价格疗法1~4每天的费用分别为:1.60(取最大), 3.45, 2.45, 3.65,显然若经济允许应采用疗法4,否则可设定包含疗效和费用的决策函数,进行决策。</p><p>考虑费用的线性规划模型<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 将问题(2)中的输入改为4种疗法的费用,计算结果是疗法2的效率大大降低,而疗法4对第1年龄组仍然是最有效的;疗法1对其它年龄组有效且费用低。<br/>可以类似地建立预测模型,并进行预测。</p><p><br/></p>
发表于 2007-1-23 01:58:34 | 显示全部楼层
和我们想的差不多~不过我们就是一直弄出点来拟合~拟合到死为止~哈哈~
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