数学专业英语－Operations Research

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:44:50

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>The start of operations research took place in a military context in the United Kingdom during World War Ⅱ, and it was quickly taken up under the name operations research (OR) in the United States. After the war it evolved in connection with industrial organization, and its many techniques allowed for expanding areas of application in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in other industrial countries. It is, however, not easy to give a precise definition of operations research, There are three different representative definitions.
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>According to the classical definition, due to P. M. Morse and G. E. Kimball, operations research is a scientific method of providing executives with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
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>The second definition, due to C. W. Churchman, R. L. Ackoff, and E. L. Arnoff, is as follows: operations research in the most general sense can be characterized as the application of scientific methods, techniques, and tools to the operations of systems so as to provide those in control with optimum solutions to problems.
As the third definition we mention the suggestion due to S. Beer: operations research is the attack of modern science on problems of likelihood (accepting mischance) that arise in the management and control of men, machines, materials, and money in their natural environments. Its special technique is to invent a strategy of control by measuring, comparing, and predicting probable behaviour through a scientific model of a situation.
These three definitions have several common features. In the first place, operations research serves executives by providing partial observations and advice which they can use in judging a situation. Second, the applicability of operations research is limited to areas where scientific methods can be successfully applied. This is the reason why operations research would not be considered to extend beyond only partial observation and advice. A fundamental requirement for a scientific approach is that it must have a mathematical model whose validity can be tested by actual data, Third, any operation should satisfy three necessary conditions in order that it may be an object of scientific approach: (1) the operation should be defined objectively; (2) the results, consequences, and effects of its application should be objectively measurable; (3) the operation should be capable of repetition. Fourth , operations research should aim at finding a practical strategy. Although operations research is based on scientific methodology, it does not aim at establishing general scientific assertions that are valid for all situstions.
These four points are essential to any operations research, and are implicit in each of the three aforementioned definitions.
On the other hand these three definitions emphasize differently some specific features of operations research, according to their historical positions. In comparion with the first definition, the second makes clearer the place where operations research is applied by pointing out that it is concerned with the operations of systems, and, instead of the vague mention of quantitative basis for decisions in the first definition, it states that operations research seeks optimum solutions, reflecting a stage where optimum solutions were sought by applications of mathematical programming techniques. In the third definition of operations research the notion of system is defined explicitly, the notion of operation is defined to be its special technique, and the objectives of operations research are given. It is clearly asserted that operations research belongs to the methodology of applied sciences. In operations research, operations and systems are dealt with in their intimate interconnection. The methodology of operations research therefore relies on an overall approach for which interdisciplinary cooperation is indispensable and in which the operations research team plays an important role. 
In applying the operations research approach to the circumstances with which we are concerned, we concentrate our interest on mutual relationships among input and output characteristics. A black-box method by which the interrelation between input and output can be clarified without entering the actual mechanism of the transformation yielded by the system or by its subsystems plays a fundamental role in operations research. The following are major phases of an operations research project: (1) formulating the problem; (2) constructing a mathematical model to represent the system under study and deriving a solution from the model; (3) testing the model and the solution derived form it; (4) the implementation stage of establishing controls over the solution and putting it to work. It is important to construct a model of information communication in connection. With a mathematical model of any problem in operations research. Process of aliocation, competition, queuing, inventory, and production appear frequently in the mathematical models of operations research.
 
 ——From Encyclopedic Dictionary 
 of Mathematics

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:45:02

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>Vocabulary <

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt">Operations research (OR) 运筹 interdiscipline 交叉学科Executive 行政人员 interdisciplinary cooperation 交叉学科的likelihood 似然 合作 scientific approach 科学方法 black-box method 黑箱方法methodology 方法论 implementation stage 实现阶段aforementioned 前述的 queue 排队mathematical programming 数学规划

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:45:13

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt"> Notes<

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0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo50">1. Operations Research运筹学. 运筹学是第二次世界大战期间,为解决后勤供应问题而发展起来的一门学科,它运用最优化技术去解决管理和决策问题.2. According to the classical definition, due to P. M. Morse and G. E. Kimball, operations research is a scientific method of providing executives with a quantitive basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.意思是:根据P. M. Morse和G. E. Kimball提出的古典定义,运筹学是一种科学方法,它提供行政人员一种定量基础,以便他们对所控的操作进行决策,这里due to是”归功于” “由…提出”之意,providing…with…for…是”提供…给…用于…”之意.3. …instead of the vague mention of quantitative basis for decisions in the first definition, it states that …by applications of mathematical programming techniques.意思是:代替第意个定义中对于决策的定量基础那种模糊的提法,它(第二个定义)阐明了运筹学用于寻求最优解,反映了运用数学规划方法求最优解的阶段.这里reflecting至句子结束一段,属独立分词结构,用以补充说明it states that…的句子.4. The methodology of operations research therefore relies on…the operations research team plays an important role.意思是:因而运筹学的方法论依赖于…一种全面的研究,对这种研究来说,各交叉学科的合作是不可避免的,而且,在这种研究中,运筹学小组起了重要的作用.注意:前后两个which都是approach的关系代词,很容易误认为第二个which 是cooperation的关系代词,虽然这在意思上说得过去,但从语法结构上却不然.5. A black-box method by which the interrelation between input and output …plays a fundamental role in operations research.意思是:黑箱方法不需引进由系统或它的子系统所产生的变换的确切机制而能阐明输入和输出的相互关系,这种方法在运筹学中起了重要的作用,注意这一句中的主语A black-box and method和谓语plays相隔甚远.

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:45:25

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt"> Exercise <

0cm 0cm 0pt"> Ⅰ. Answer the following questions :<

0cm 0cm 0pt 60.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 60.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo51">1. What are the necessary conditions for operation to become an object of scientific approach?2. Point out the main points the 2nd and the 3rd definitions emphasize as compared with the first definition.Ⅱ. 1. Translate the third definitions of OR due to S. Beer.2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese ; ⅰ) It was G. Gantor who first introduced the concept of the set as object of mathematical study. ⅱ) The definition of probability due to Laplace provoked a great deal of argument when it was applied; ⅲ) Nowadays, we usually adopted measure theoretic foundations of probability initiated by A. N. Kolomogorov.

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