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发表于 2003-12-1 07:40:37
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1．首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为：
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题，2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有：
1） 谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
As the saying goes, "Money makes the mare go", but there are many things we can't buy with money, such as time and true love. …
2） 定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。
" ractice makes perfect" is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.
3） 提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.
4） 概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.
5） 故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面"Is Stress a Bad Thing?"
6） 引语法
"Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and can't be retained." From Vinci's words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.
7） 调查法
为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面"Is Stress a Bad Thing?"的1）和"Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?"的4）。
8） 假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? …
9） 综合法
具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。
2． 结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有：
1） 重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。
Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.
2） 提出建议
Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.
3） 概括总结
As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and needn't invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city.
4） 引用名人名言
In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said "Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability."
5)综合法
与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，总结加建议的比较多。
3．转承语的使用
根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语
1) 比较对照
比较：like A, B …
Just as A, B …
A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B …
对照： Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B …
A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B ..
A …, B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, …
2)列举
First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), …
The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final)
Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally)
One/Another/Still another/The last
The most essential/most important/primary/chief is …
3) 因果
as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that
4 起承转合常用语
1）"起"的常用语
When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with …, some people
claim/think/argue/believe that …, but/while others …(differently)
Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to ….
With the development/improvement/growth of …,
Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that …,
According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, …
Have you ever thought/wondered …?
Suppose …
As the saying goes, …
2) "承"的常用语
Those who hold ….
It is true that …
To be sure ..
First/Firstly …
The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential ….
"承接上文"的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。
3）"转"的常用语
It sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice
There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact …
Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics).
Close (careful) examination (analysis) of these arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal (suggest, prove) how flimsy (不足信的，不严密)(fallacious（靠不住的）, groundless（没有根据的）) they are.
However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力)) these arguments may be, they don't make sense (only skim the surface of the problem) when … is viewed the other way (taken into consideration).
As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view).
Good/Superior/Wonderful as …., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own problems.
They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account …
In all the discussion and debate over …, one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected.
It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesn't follow/doesn't mean that …
There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor …
In many cases, however, …
As far as .. is concerned, …
4) "合"的常用语
Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that …
From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that…
In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude ….
It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to …
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发表于 2003-12-1 07:20:56