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统计分析系统SAS

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 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:24:55 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sql; </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  select name, math </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  from c9501 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  where chinese&gt;=100 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  order by math desc; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     NAME            MATH </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     -------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman">              98 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">            89 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>刘颍<FONT face="Times New Roman">              80 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>的强大查询功能还表现在它可以从几个表联合查询。比如,考虑<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.7</FONT>中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501X</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501Y</FONT>,我们要从这两个数据集查询与从<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>一个数据集同样的结果,可以用此程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sql; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  select c9501x.name, math </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  from c9501x, c9501y </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  where c9501x.name=c9501y.name </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     and chinese&gt;=100 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  order by math desc; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中连接两个数据集的办法是在<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHERE</FONT>子句指定<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501X.NAME=C9501Y.NAME</FONT>这样的连接条件。在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>中指定变量时如果有两个数据集中共有的变量要用<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501X.NAME</FONT>这样的带有表名(数据集名)的形式。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>连接的两个表有时是同一个表。比如,我们有几个学生的姓名和生日,希望找出那些有相同生日的人。可以用如下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>过程:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">title '</FONT>找出生日相同的人<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data class; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  input name $ 1-8 birth yymmdd10.; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  format birth yymmdd10.; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  label name='</FONT>姓名<FONT face="Times New Roman">'  birth='</FONT>生日<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  cards; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">李明<FONT face="Times New Roman">      78-6-1 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman">    78-5-19 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman">      78-6-1 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">刘颖<FONT face="Times New Roman">      78-10-18 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">    78-5-19 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sql; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  select name, birth </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    from class a </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    where birth in select birth </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">      from class b </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">      where b.name ^= a.name </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    order by a.birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                               </FONT>找出生日相同的人<FONT face="Times New Roman">                             21 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             </FONT>姓名<FONT face="Times New Roman">            </FONT>生日<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             -------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             </FONT>王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1978-05-19 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             </FONT>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1978-05-19 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             </FONT>张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman">      1978-06-01 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             </FONT>李明<FONT face="Times New Roman">      1978-06-01 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">如果我们还希望把查询的结果存入一个数据集,可以在上面的第一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>语句前面加上<FONT face="Times New Roman">CREATE TABLE </FONT>表名<FONT face="Times New Roman"> AS</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:25:09 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sql; </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  CREATE TABLE bsame AS </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    select name, birth </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">      from class a </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">…………………<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print data=bsame label; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  id name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                               </FONT>找出生日相同的人<FONT face="Times New Roman">                             22 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">------------------------------ </FONT>生日<FONT face="Times New Roman">=1978-05-19 ------------------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>姓名<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                    </FONT>王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                    </FONT>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">------------------------------ </FONT>生日<FONT face="Times New Roman">=1978-06-01 ------------------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>姓名<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>李明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">如果不用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>过程想得到同样的结果,可以使用如下数据步和过程步:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc freq data=class noprint; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  tables birth / out=bfreq; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=class; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=bfreq; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data bsame; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  merge class bfreq; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  if count&gt;1; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print data=bsame label noobs; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  var name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by birth; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:25:24 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">练习<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据步列出<FONT face="Times New Roman">10000</FONT>以下的素数,写出程序。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>.生成<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>分布的双侧分位数表。水平取<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.001</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.002</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.005</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.01</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.02</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.10</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.20</FONT>,自由度取<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>,分位数精确到小数点后<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>位。表格应为行、列对齐的形式,并有列标题。写出生成这样的表格并存放到一个文本文件中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.写出计算从自己生日到<FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT>年初经过的天数的程序。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>.下表为某邮购服务部的部分顾客记录:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">姓名<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>性别<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>地区<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>日期<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>金额<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">章文<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>华东<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1996-3-20       1099 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">王国铭<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>华东<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1996-5-19       39 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">童子敏<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>华北<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1996-1-5        986 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">刘念新<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>东北<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1997-10-1       3581 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">李思今<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>华北<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1997-4-4        659 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">关昭<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>东北<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1996-11-5       358 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">赵霞<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>东北<FONT face="Times New Roman">    1998-9-6        2010 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)用数据步把此数据输入到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据集;<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)用程序找出男性顾客购买金额超过<FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT>的哪些人;<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)把数据拆分为包含姓名、性别、地区的一个数据集和包含姓名、日期、金额的一个数据集;<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)用<FONT face="Times New Roman">MERGE</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">BY</FONT>合并上一步拆开的两个数据集。</P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:25:49 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><B>第</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></B><B>章</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> SAS</FONT></B><B>的基本统计分析功能</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B> </B><p></p></FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">前面我们已经看到了<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的编程计算、数据管理能力、数据汇总、数据探索分析能力。这一章我们讲如何用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>进行基本的统计检验、线性回归、方差分析等基本统计分析。我们既使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言编程,也使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>的菜单界面。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">§<FONT face="Times New Roman">4.1 </FONT>一些单变量检验问题<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">对单个变量,我们可能需要作正态性检验、两独立样本均值相等的检验、成对样本均值相等的检验。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:26:02 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.1.1 </FONT>正态性检验<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在<FONT face="Times New Roman">ROC UNIVARIATE</FONT>语句中加上<FONT face="Times New Roman">NORMAL</FONT>选项可以进行正态性检验。例如,我们要检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.GPA</FONT>中<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>是否服从正态分布,只要用如下<FONT face="Times New Roman">UNIVARIATE</FONT>过程:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc univariate data=sasuser.gpa normal; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  var gpa; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果(部分)如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             Univariate Procedure </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Variable=GPA           College Grade Point Average </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                   Moments </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">…………<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                   W:<st1:place>Normal</st1:place>   0.951556  Pr&lt;W         0.0001 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">…………<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">W:Normal</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Shapiro-Wilk</FONT>正态性检验统计量,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Pr&lt;W</FONT>为检验的显著性概率值(<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值)。当<FONT face="Times New Roman">N</FONT>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT>时正态性检验用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Shapiro-Wilk</FONT>统计量,<FONT face="Times New Roman">N&gt;2000</FONT>时用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Kolmogorov D</FONT>统计量。我们可以看到,<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值很小,所以在<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>水平(或<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.10</FONT>水平)下应拒绝零假设,即认为<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分布非正态。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>中为了检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>的分布,先选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Distribution"</FONT>菜单打开<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>变量的分布窗口,然后选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Test for Distribution"</FONT>菜单。除了可以检验是否正态分布外还可以检验是否对数正态、指数分布、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Weibull</FONT>分布。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:26:16 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.1.2 </FONT>两独立样本的均值检验<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">假设我们有两组样本分别来自两个独立总体,需要检验两个总体的均值或中心位置是否一样。如果两个总体都分别服从正态分布,而且方差相等,可以使用两样本<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验过程<FONT face="Times New Roman">TTEST</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">比如,我们要检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.GPA</FONT>数据集中男生和女生的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SATM</FONT>分数是否具有相等的平均值,只要用如下程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc ttest data=sasuser.gpa; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  class sex; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  var satm; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">过程中用<FONT face="Times New Roman">CLASS</FONT>语句指定分组变量,用<FONT face="Times New Roman">VAR</FONT>语句指定要比较的变量。结果如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                               TTEST PROCEDURE </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Variable: SATM         Math SAT Score </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SEX          N                 Mean              Std Dev            Std Error </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">----------------------------------------------------------------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Female     145         611.77241379          84.02056171           6.97752786 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Male        79         565.02531646          82.92937599           9.33028376 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Variances        T       DF    Prob&gt;|T| </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">--------------------------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Unequal     4.0124    162.2      0.0001 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Equal       3.9969    222.0      0.0001 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">For H0: Variances are equal, F' = 1.03    DF = (144,78)    Prob&gt;F' = 0.9114 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果有三个部分:两个总体的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SATM</FONT>简单统计量,两样本均值的检验,以及两样本方差是否相等的检验。标准的两样本<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验要求两总体方差相等,所以第三部分结果检验两样本方差是否相等。如果检验的结果为相等,则可使用精确的两样本<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验,看第二部分结果的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Equal</FONT>那一行。如果方差<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">检验的结果为不等,则只能使用近似的两样本<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验,看第二部分结果的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Unequal</FONT>那一行。这里我们看到方差检验的<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.9114</FONT>不显著,所以可以认为方差相等,所以我们看<FONT face="Times New Roman">Equal</FONT>行,<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0001</FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>水平下是显著的,所以应认为男、女生的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SATM</FONT>分数有显著差异,女生分数要高。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>上面的检验中对立假设是羇<FONT face="Times New Roman">riables"</FONT>改变量名),然后对此差值变量选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Distribution"</FONT>,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Tables | Location Tests"</FONT>并选中<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验、符号检验和符号秩检验即可在分布窗口显示结果。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:26:35 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">§<FONT face="Times New Roman">4.2 </FONT>回归分析<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">本节先讲述如何用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>进行曲线拟合,然后进一步讲如何用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>进行线性回归,简单介绍<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>的广义线性模型拟合,最后介绍如何用编程进行回归分析。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.2.1 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>进行曲线拟合<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1 </FONT>身高对体重的散点图及回归直线<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">两个变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>之间的相关关系经常可以用一个函数来表示,一元函数可以等同于一条曲线,实际工作中经常对两个变量拟合一条曲线来近似它们的相关关系。最基本的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>曲线<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>是直线,还可以用多项式、样条函数、核估计和局部多项式估计。其模型可表示为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>例如,我们要研究<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.CLASS</FONT>数据集中学生体重与身高之间的相关关系。为此,我们可以先画出两者的散点图(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Analyze | Scatter plot</FONT>)。从图中可以看出,身高越高的人一般体重越重。我们可以把体重作为因变量、身高作为自变量拟合一条回归直线,只要选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fit (Y X)"</FONT>,并选体重为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,身高为<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量,即可自动拟合出一条回归直线,见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>。窗口中还给出了拟合的模型方程、参数估计、诊断信息等,我们在下一小节再详细介绍。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在拟合了直线后,为拟合多项式曲线,只要选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Polynomial"</FONT>,然后输入阶次(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Degree(Polynomial)</FONT>),就可以在散点图基础上再加入一条多项式曲线。对于本例,我们看到二次多项式得到的曲线与直线差别很小,所以用二次多项式拟合没有优势。还可以试用三次、四次等多项式。为了改变阶次还可以使用拟合窗口中的多项式阶次滑块<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Parametric Regression Fit</FONT>中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Degree(Polynomial)</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>样条曲线是一种非参数回归的曲线拟合方法。光滑样条为分段的三次多项式,曲线在每一段内是一个三次多项式,在两段的连接点是连续、光滑的。为拟合样条曲线,只要选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Spline"</FONT>,使用缺省的<FONT face="Times New Roman">GCV</FONT>准则(广义交叉核实)来选取光滑系数(光滑系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT>越大,得到的曲线越光滑,但拟合同时变差,光滑系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT>小的时候得到的曲线较曲折,而拟合较好),就可以在散点图的基础上画出样条曲线。可以用光滑系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT>的滑块来调整曲线的光滑程度<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>拟合优度。对于本例,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">GCV</FONT>准则得到的样条曲线与回归直线几乎是重合的,说明直线拟合可以得到满意的结果。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>核估计是另一种非参数回归的曲线拟合方法。它定义了一个核函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,例如使用标准正态分布密度曲线,然后用如下公式估计经验公式<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为光滑系数,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>越大得到的曲线越光滑。为了画核估计曲线,只要选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Kernel"</FONT>,权重函数使用缺省的正态核,选取光滑系数的方法采用缺省的<FONT face="Times New Roman">GCV</FONT>法,就可以把核估计图附加到散点图上。本例得到的核估计曲线与回归直线、样条曲线有一定差别。可以手动调整光滑系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">的值,可以看到,当<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>过大时曲线不仅变光滑而且越来越变水平,因为这时的拟合值基本是一个常数,这与样条曲线的情形不同,样条曲线当<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>增大时曲线变光滑但不趋向与常数(水平线)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">局部多项式估计(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Loess</FONT>)是另一种非参数回归的曲线拟合方法。它在每一自变量值处拟合一个局部多项式,可以是零阶、一阶、二阶,零阶时与核估计相同。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>缺省使用一阶(线性)局部多项式。改变<FONT face="Times New Roman">Loess</FONT>的系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">alpha</FONT>可以改变曲线的光滑度。<FONT face="Times New Roman">alpha</FONT>增大时曲线变光滑,而且使<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">用一阶或二阶多项式时曲线不会同时变水平。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">固定带宽的局部多项式是另一种局部多项式拟合方法。它有一个光滑系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:27:37 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.2.2 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>进行线性回归分析<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">上面我们已经看到,用菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Fit (Y X)"</FONT>就可以拟合一条回归直线,这是对回归方程<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">的估计结果。这样的线性回归可以推广到一个因变量、多个自变量的情况。线性模型写成矩阵形式为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>向量,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>矩阵,一般第一列元素全是<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,代表截距项。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>未知参数向量,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>随机误差向量,元素独立且方差为相等的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(未知)。正常情况下,系数的估计为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,拟合值(或称预报值)为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>是<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>空间内向<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>的列张成的线性空间<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">投影的投影算子矩阵,叫做<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>帽子<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>矩阵。拟合残差为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,残差平方和为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,误差项方差的估计为(要求设计阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>满秩)均方误差(<FONT face="Times New Roman">MSE</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,在线性模型的假设下,若设计阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>满秩,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>分别是<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>的无偏估计,系数估计的方差阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">。判断回归结果优劣的一个重要指标为复相关系数平方(决定系数)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>),它代表在因变量的变差中用模型能够解释的部分的比例,所以<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>越大说明模型越好。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如,我们在<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Fit (Y X)"</FONT>的选择变量窗口选<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量(因变量)为体重(<FONT face="Times New Roman">WEIGHT</FONT>),选<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量(自变量)为身高(<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEIGHT</FONT>)和年龄(<FONT face="Times New Roman">AGE</FONT>),则可以得到体重对身高、年龄的线性回归结果。下面对基本结果进行说明。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">回归基本模型:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                  WEIGHT    =    HEIGHT      AGE </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                  Response Distribution:  <st1:City><st1:place>Normal</st1:place></st1:City> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                  Link Function:          Identity </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">回归模型方程:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                              Model Equation </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">WEIGHT  =   -  141.2238   +    3.5970  HEIGHT    +      1.2784  AGE </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">拟合概况:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                Summary of Fit </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">          Mean of Response          100.0263  R-Square        0.7729 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">          Root MSE                   11.5111  Adj R-Sq        0.7445 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">Mean of Response</FONT>为因变量(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Response</FONT>)的均值,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Root MSE</FONT>叫做根均方误差,是均方误差的平方根,<FONT face="Times New Roman">R-Square</FONT>即复相关系数平方,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Adj R-Sq</FONT>为修正的复相关系数平方,其公式为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>当有截距项时取<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,否则取<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>,这个公式考虑到了自变量个数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>的多少对拟合的影响,原来的<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">随着自变量个数的增加总会增大,而修正的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>则因为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>对它有一个单调减的影响所以<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>增大时修正的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>不一定增大,便于不同自变量个数的模型的比较。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>方差分析表:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                            Analysis of Variance </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Source              DF  Sum of Squares  Mean Square      F Stat    Prob &gt; F </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Model                2       7215.6371    3607.8186     27.2275      0.0001 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Error               16       2120.0997     132.5062           .           . </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> C Total             18       9335.7368            .           .           . </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这是关于模型是否成立的最重要的检验。它检验的是<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>:模型中所有斜率项系数都等于零,这等价于说自变量的线性组合对因变量没有解释作用。它依据的是一个标准的方差分解,把因变量的总离差平方和(<FONT face="Times New Roman">C  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Total</FONT>)分解为能用模型解释的部分(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Model</FONT>)与不能被模型解释的部分(随机误差,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Error</FONT>)之和,如果能解释的部分占的比例大就否定<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT>统计量(<FONT face="Times New Roman">F Stat</FONT>)就是这个比例(用自由度修正过)。从上面结果看我们这个模型很显著(<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值不超过万分之一),所以可以否定<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>第三类检验:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                               Type III Tests </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Source              DF  Sum of Squares  Mean Square      F Stat    Prob &gt; F </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> HEIGHT               1       2091.1460    2091.1460     15.7815      0.0011 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> AGE                  1         22.3880      22.3880      0.1690      0.6865 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这个表格给出了对各斜率项是否为零(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)的检验结果。检验利用的是所谓第三类平方和(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Type III  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SS</FONT>),又叫偏平方和,它代表在只缺少了本变量的模型中加入本变量导致的模型平方和的增加量。比如,<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEIGHT</FONT>的第三类平方和即现在的模型平方和减去删除变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEIGHT</FONT>的模型的模型平方和得到的差。第三类平方和与模型中自变量的次序无关,一般也不构成模型平方和的平方和分解。表中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:27:55 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">用<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT>统计量对假设进行了检验,分子是第三类平方和的均方,分母为误差的均方。实际上,当分子自由度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT>统计量即通常的<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验统计量的平方。从表中可见,身高的作用是显著的,而年龄的作用则不显著,有可能去掉年龄后的模型更好一些。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>参数估计及相关统计量:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             Parameter Estimates </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    Variable            DF    Estimate   Std Error      T Stat   Prob &gt;|T| </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    INTERCEPT            1   -141.2238     33.3831     -4.2304      0.0006 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    HEIGHT               1      3.5970      0.9055      3.9726      0.0011 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    AGE                  1      1.2784      3.1101      0.4110      0.6865 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                             Parameter Estimates </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                           Tolerance  Var Inflation </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                   .         0.0000 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                              0.3416         2.9276 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                              0.3416         2.9276 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 2 </FONT>残差对预测值散点图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">对截距项系数和各斜率项系数,给出了自由度(<FONT face="Times New Roman">DF</FONT>),估计值(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Estimate</FONT>),估计的标准误差(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Std Error</FONT>),检验系数为零的<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量,<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量的<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值,检验共线性的容许度(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tolerance</FONT>)和方差膨胀因子(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Var Inflation</FONT>)。其中自变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>的容许度定义为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>减去<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">对其它自变量的复相关系数平方,因此容许度越小(接近<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>),说明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>对其它自变量的复相关系数平方大,即<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>可以很好地被其它自变量的线性组合近似,这样<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在模型中的作用不大。记<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,则<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>叫做方差膨胀因子,它代表<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">的系数估计的方差的比例系数,显然其值越大说明估计越不准确,也说明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在模型中的作用不大。方差膨胀因子与容许度互为倒数。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>下一个结果为残差对预测值的散点图,用它可以检验残差中有无异常情况,比如非线性关系、异方差、模型辨识错误、异常值、序列相关等等。此例中各散点较随机地散布在<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>线的上下,没有明显的模式,可认为结果是合适的(多余的不显著的变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">AGE</FONT>不反映在残差图中)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tables</FONT>菜单可以加入一些其它的统计量。用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Graphs</FONT>菜单可以加入残差的正态概率图(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Residual Normal QQ</FONT>)和偏杠杆图(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Partial Leverage</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Vars</FONT>菜单中可以指定一些变量,这些变量可以加入到数据窗口中。数据窗口的内容保存在内存中,不自动改写磁盘中的数据集,所以要保存数据窗口的修改结果的话需要用<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Save |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Data"</FONT>命令指定一个用来保存的数据集名。为了了解加入的变量的具体意义,选数据窗口菜单中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Data Options"</FONT>,选中<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Show Variable Labels"</FONT>选项。各变量中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Hat Diag</FONT>为帽子矩阵的对角线元素(帽子矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>恰好是<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">的)<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即杠杆率,反映了每个观测的影响大小。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Predicted</FONT>为拟合值(预报值),<FONT face="Times New Roman">Linear Predictor</FONT>为使用线性模型拟合的结果,在线性回归时与<FONT face="Times New Roman">Predicted</FONT>相同。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Residual</FONT>为残差。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Residual Normal Quantile</FONT>是残差由小到大排序后对应的标准正态的分位数,第<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>个残差的正态分位数用<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">计算,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为标准正态分布函数。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Standardized Residual</FONT>(标准化误差)为残差除以其标准误差。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Studentized Residual</FONT>(学生化残差)为与标准化残差类似,但计算第<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>个学生化残差时预测值和方差估计都是在删除第<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">个观测后得到的。当学生化残差的值超过<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>时这个观测有可能是强影响点或异常点。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">关于其它的一些诊断统计量请参考帮助菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Extended Help | SAS System Help: Main menu | Help for SAS Products | SAS/INSIGHT | Techniques | Multiple Regression"</FONT>,或《<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统:<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/STAT</FONT>软件使用手册》第一章和第九章。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>中,为了保存结果表格,在进行分析之前选中菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Save | Initial Tables"</FONT>,这是一个状态开关,选中时输出表格画在分析窗口内的同时显示在输出(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Output</FONT>)窗口。如果要保存某一个表格,也可以选定此表格(单击表格外框线),然后用菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Save |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tables"</FONT>。为了保存分析窗口的图形,先选定此图形,然后选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Save | Graphics File"</FONT>,输入一个文件名,选择一种文件类型如<FONT face="Times New Roman">BMP</FONT>即可。为了打印某一表格或图形,先选定它,然后用菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Print"</FONT>。选中<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File | Save | Statments"</FONT>可以开始保存<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>语句。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:28:12 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.2.3 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>拟合广义线性模型<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">经典线性回归理论的估计与假设检验要求自变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为常数(非随机),随机误差项满足<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>。广义线性模型放宽了这些假设,其模型为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中因变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>向量)的元素为服从指数族分布(如正态、逆高斯、伽马、泊松、二项分布)的随机变量,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>向量)的元素为与<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>分布类型相同的随机误差项,元素之间相互独立,单调函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>叫做联系函数,它把因变量的均值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>与自变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>阵)的线性组合联系起来。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">向量)为回归系数。模型中每个自变量对应于设计阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>中的一列或几列,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>的第一列一般元素全为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,对应于截距项。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>向量)是表示偏移量的变量。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>注:随机变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>称为服从指数族分布,如果其分布密度(概率函数)有如下形式:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为自然参数或称经典参数,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为分散度参数(与尺度参数相关),<FONT face="Times New Roman">a, b, c</FONT>为确定的函数函数。这样的自变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>的均值和方差与参数的关系如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 3 </FONT>模型选择对话框<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>为了使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>拟合广义线性模型,在选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Fit (Y X)"</FONT>之后,选定因变量和自变量,然后按<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Method"</FONT>按钮,出现选择模型的对话框,在这里可以选因变量的分布类型(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Response Dist.</FONT>),选联系函数,选估计尺度参数的方法。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>各联系函数定义如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Identity                </FONT>恒等变换<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Log                     </FONT>自然对数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Logit             </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Probit           </FONT>,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>为标准正态分布函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Comp. Log-Log     </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        Power            </FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在对话框的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Power</FONT>输入框指定。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>对指数族中每一个因变量分布有一个特定的联系函数,使得<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">,这样的联系函数叫经典(<FONT face="Times New Roman">canonical</FONT>)联系函数。正态分布的经典联系函数为恒等变换,逆高斯分布为<FONT face="Times New Roman">-2</FONT>次方变换,伽玛分布为<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1</FONT>次方变换,泊松分布为对数变换,二项分布为逻辑变换(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Logit</FONT>)。注意<FONT face="Times New Roman">Logit</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">probit</FONT>、复合重对数变换都只适用于二项分布。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.INGOTS</FONT>中存放了一个铸造厂的数据,它记录了各批铸件在一定的加热、浸泡时间条件下出现的不能开始轧制的铸件数目。<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEAT</FONT>为加热时间,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAK</FONT>为浸泡时间,<FONT face="Times New Roman">N</FONT>为每批铸件的件数,<FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT>为加热浸泡后<FONT face="Times New Roman">N</FONT>件铸件中还不能开始轧制的铸件数。<FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT>应该服从二项分布,其分布参数(比例)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可能受加热、浸泡时间的影响。因此,我们拟合以<FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT>为因变量,以<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEAT</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAK</FONT>为自变量的广义线性模型,因变量分布为二项分布,使用经典联系函数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Logit</FONT>函数)。模型为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">为了拟合这样的模型,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Fit(Y  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">X)"</FONT>,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEAT</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAK</FONT>为自变量,按<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Method"</FONT>钮,选因变量分布为二项分布(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Binomial</FONT>),选变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">N</FONT>然后按<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Binomial"</FONT>钮,两次<FONT face="Times New Roman">OK</FONT>后即可以得到模型拟合窗口。可以看到,这个模型是显著的,但变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAK</FONT>没有显著影响。去掉变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAK</FONT>重新拟合模型。可以看出,<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEAT</FONT>的系数为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0807 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">是正数,说明加热时间越长不能轧制的件数越多。考察拟合结果窗口下方的残差对预报值图可以发现在右下方有三个异常点,用刷亮方法选定它们,可以看到,这三个观测都是总共只有一个铸件的,所以对一般结果意义不大。选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Edit | Observations | Exclude in  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Calculation"</FONT>可以把这几个点排除在外,发现结果基本不变。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
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