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统计分析系统SAS

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 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:18:50 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.4 </FONT>循环结构<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据步可以使用丰富的循环结构,主要的是两种:计数<FONT face="Times New Roman">DO</FONT>循环和当型、直到型循环。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">计数<FONT face="Times New Roman">DO</FONT>循环的写法是:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                DO  </FONT>计数变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>起始值<FONT face="Times New Roman">  TO  </FONT>结束值<FONT face="Times New Roman">  BY  </FONT>步长<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        </FONT>循环体语句……<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在<FONT face="Times New Roman">DO</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">END</FONT>之间可以有多个语句。程序先把计数变量赋值为起始值,如果此值小于等于结束值则执行循环体语句,然后把计数变量加上步长,再判断它是否小于等于结束值,如果是则继续执行循环体,直到计数变量的值大于结束值为止。上述结构中<FONT face="Times New Roman">"BY  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">步长<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>可以省略,这时步长为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>。如果步长取负值,则继续循环的条件是计数变量大于等于结束值。例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  DO  i = 1  TO  20  BY  2; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    j = i**3; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    put  i  3.  j  5.; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可以输出一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>,…,<FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>的立方表。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在循环体中可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">LEAVE</FONT>语句跳出循环,相当于<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>语言的<FONT face="Times New Roman">break</FONT>语句。例如在上例中的循环体最后加上这样一句可以在立方大于<FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT>时停止循环:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    if  j&gt;1000  then  LEAVE; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在循环体内用<FONT face="Times New Roman">CONTINUE</FONT>语句可以立即结束本轮循环并转入下一轮循环的判断与执行。比如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  do x=0 to 3.1415926  by  0.01; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    y = sin(x); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    if y&lt;0 then CONTINUE; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    z = cos(x); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    put  x  5.2  y  10.7  z  10.7; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  end; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这个程序对<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>到<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>之间的数每隔<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.01</FONT>计算正弦值,如果正弦值为负则考虑下一个值,正弦值非负时计算余弦值并显示。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>当型循环的语法是:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                DO  WHILE(</FONT>循环继续条件<FONT face="Times New Roman">); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        </FONT>循环体语句……<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">程序先判断循环继续条件是否成立,成立时执行循环体语句,再判断循环继续条件,如此重复,直到循环继续条件不再成立。例如,下面的程序判断<FONT face="Times New Roman">1333333</FONT>是不是素数:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  x=1333333; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  i=3; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  DO  WHILE  (mod(x,i) ^= 0); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    i=i+2; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  if i&lt;x then put x '</FONT>不是素数<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  else  put  x  '</FONT>是素数<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">mod(x,i)</FONT>表示<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>除以<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>的余数。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>直到型循环的写法是:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                DO UNTIL (</FONT>循环退出条件<FONT face="Times New Roman">); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        </FONT>循环体语句……<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">程序先执行循环体,然后判断循环退出条件是否成立,成立则结束循环,否则继续。注意每轮循环都是先执行循环体再判断是否退出。例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  n=0; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  do until (n&gt;=5); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     n+1; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     put n=; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  end; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可以依次输出<FONT face="Times New Roman">n=1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>,当<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>时退出条件<FONT face="Times New Roman">"n&gt;=5"</FONT>满足,循环结束。上例中语句<FONT face="Times New Roman">n+1</FONT>是一种特殊的写法,叫做累加语句,等价于<FONT face="Times New Roman">n=n+1</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>事实上,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的循环语句比上面所述还要灵活得多,它在<FONT face="Times New Roman">DO</FONT>语句中可以指定一个循环列表,比如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  do i=3,7, 11 to 17 by 3 while (i**2&lt;200); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     j=i**2; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     put i j; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  end; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">循环变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>取<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT>循环体被执行,当<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>取<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>时<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>的平方为<FONT face="Times New Roman">289</FONT>故循环体不被执行,循环结束。注意<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHILE</FONT>条件只作用于用逗号隔开的最后一项。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:19:06 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.5 </FONT>数组<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>可以把一组同为数值型或同为字符型的变量合在一起,使用同一个名字称呼,用下标来区分。这与通常的程序设计语言中的数组略有区别,通常的程序设计语言中数组元素没有对应的变量名,而<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数组每个元素都有自己的变量名。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">一、数值型数组<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">定义数值型数组的格式为:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                ARRAY  </FONT>数组名(维数说明)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>数组元素名列表<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(初始值表)<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ARRAY  tests(3)  math chinese english  (0, 0, 0); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">数组名是一个合法的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>名字且不能与同一数据步中的变量重名。对一维数组,维数说明只要说明元素个数,这时下标从<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>开始。数组元素名列表列出这个数组的各个元素实际代表的变量名,各变量名以空格分隔。比如,上例中<FONT face="Times New Roman">tests(1)</FONT>代表数学成绩,<FONT face="Times New Roman">tests(2)</FONT>代表语文成绩,<FONT face="Times New Roman">tests(3)</FONT>代表<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">英语成绩。初始值表给各数组元素赋初值,按顺序对应。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>数组说明中初始值表可以省略,这时其初始值为相应数组元素的值(如果其数组元素还没有值则初值为缺失值)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>数组说明中的数组元素名列表可以省略,这时其元素也有对应的变量名,变量名为数组名后附加序号,比如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ARRAY  x(3); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">中数组<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的各元素名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">x1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">x2</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">x3</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">也可以在说明维数时用<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>下标下界<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>下标上界<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>来说明一个其它的下标下界,如<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ARRAY  sales(95:97)  yr95</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">yr97 ; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这时<FONT face="Times New Roman">sales(95)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">yr95</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sales(96)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">yr96</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sales(97)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">yr97</FONT>。上面的变量名列表是一种特殊的语法,在用到变量名列表时如果连续写几个前面字母相同,后面是连续的序号的变量,只要写出第一个和最后一个,中间用减号连接。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>一维数组的维数说明还可以是一个星号,这时数组大小由提供的元素列表中的变量个数决定,如上面的数组<FONT face="Times New Roman">tests</FONT>可以等价地说明为:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ARRAY  tests(*)  math chinese english  (0, 0, 0); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可以用函数<FONT face="Times New Roman">DIM(</FONT>数组名<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>来获得数组的长度。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>可以定义二维数值型数组,只要在维数说明中指定用逗号分开的两个下标界说明,例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">array  table(2,2)  x11 x12 x21 x22; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">说明<FONT face="Times New Roman">table(1,1)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">x11</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">table(1,2)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">x12</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">table(2,1)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">x21</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">table(2,2)</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">x22</FONT>。二维数组元素按行排列。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:19:17 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">二、字符型数组<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>定义字符型数组的语法略复杂,它需要加一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">$</FONT>符来说明数组元素类型为字符型,并且要说明每一元素所能存储的字符串的最大长度。说明格式如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                ARRAY  </FONT>数组名(维数说明)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> $ </FONT>元素长度说明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>数组元素名列表<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(初始值表)<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ARRAY  names(3)  $ 10  child  father  mother; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">字符型数组其它方面用法与数值型相同。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:19:37 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">三、临时数组<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">上面格式说明的数组都是把若干个变量集合在一起使用同一个数组名称呼,每个数组元素是一个独立的变量。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>也提供了与其它程序设计语言相同的数组,即数组元素只由数组名和序号决定,没有对应的变量名。这种数组叫住<FONT face="Times New Roman">?0</FONT>。下一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句从数据行中读入下一个观测,把变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>赋值<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">200</FONT>。读取位置由运行时设置的一个数据指针指示。然后计算变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">Z</FONT>的值得<FONT face="Times New Roman">300</FONT>。于是<FONT face="Times New Roman">PUT</FONT>语句输出的<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Z</FONT>值分别为<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">200</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">300</FONT>。然后,运行控制跳过<FONT face="Times New Roman">CARDS</FONT>语句到空语句,到数据步结尾,把第二号观测输出到数据集,再返回到数据步开头,把变量值赋初值为缺失值,所以第<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">PUT</FONT>语句输出的三个变量值为缺失值。然后运行到<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句,应该读入下一个观测,但是查询数据指针发现已经读完了所有数据,所以本数据步结束,并把两个观测写入数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">WORK.A</FONT>中。提交<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC PRINT;RUN;</FONT>就可以显示此数据集的内容如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                   OBS     X      Y      Z </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                    1      10     20     30 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                    2     100    200    300 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">从这个例子可以看出<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据步程序和普通程序的一个重大区别:<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据步如果有数据输入,比如用<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MERGE</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">UPDATE</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MODIFY</FONT>等语句读入数据,则数据步中隐含了一个循环,即数据步程序执行到最后一个语句后,会返回到数据步内的第一个可执行语句开始继续执校?钡蕉寥<FONT face="Times New Roman">?nbsp;</FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">数据语句(<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MERGE</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">UPDATE</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MODIFY</FONT>等)读入了数据结束标志为止才停止执行数据步,并把读入的各个观测写入在<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATA</FONT>语句中指定的数据集。如果没有数据输入而只是直接计算,则数据步程序不需要此隐含循环。数据步因为有这样一个隐含循环,所以也提供了用来查询某一步<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">是第几次循环的特殊变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> _N_</FONT>,它的值为数据步循环计数值。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>数据步流程见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1 </FONT>数据步流程图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:20:46 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.2 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句输入数据<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在数据步中输入数据可以从原始数据输入,也可以从已有数据集输入。从原始数据输入要使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句来指定输入的变量和格式。数据行写在<FONT face="Times New Roman">CARDS</FONT>语句和一个只有一个分号的行之间。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">最简单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句使用自由格式:按顺序列出每个观测的各个变量名,中间用空格分开。变量如果是字符型的需要在变量名后面加一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">$</FONT>符号,$符与变量名可以直接相连也可以隔一个空格。例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  input name $ sex $ math chinese; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  cards; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">李明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 92 98 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 89 106 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 86 90 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 98 109 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">刘颍<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 80 110 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">注意这个例子的数据有五个观测,四个变量,每行数据的各变量之间用空格分隔。为输入这些数据,<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句中依次列出了四个变量名,并在字符型变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">SEX</FONT>后加了<FONT face="Times New Roman">$</FONT>符。要生成一个数据集这是最简单的写法。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:21:20 | 显示全部楼层
< char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>使用自由格式也有一些限制条件,如果不满足这些条件时需要改用其它输入格式:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>数据每行为一个观测,各数据值之间用空格或制表符分隔<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>无论是字符型还是数值型缺失数据都必须用小数点表示<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>字符型数据长度不能超过<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字符,不允许完全是空白,中间不允许有空白,开头和结尾如果有空白将被忽略<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句中必须列出观测中的每一项数据对应的变量名而不能省略中间的某一个<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>在满足以上条件时就可以使用自由格式,它也有明显的优点:使用简单;输入数据时不必上下对齐;不需要知道每个变量的具体列数而只需知道它的次序。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>如果各数据行的各个数据项是上下对齐的,还可以使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句的列方式。这时,除了在<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>关键字后面列出变量名外,还需要在每个变量名(及<FONT face="Times New Roman">$</FONT>符)后面列出该变量在数据行中所占据的列起始位置与结束位置,比如上面的例子可以改写成:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">input name $ 1-10 sex $ 11-13 math 14-16 chinese 18-20; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">cards; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>李明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 92 98 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 89 106 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 86 90 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 98 109 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>刘颍<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 80 110 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>使用列方式时一定要正确数出每一项所占的位置。列方式有如下特点:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>要求数据行各项上下对齐<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>各项之间可以没有任何分隔,连续写在一起<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>字符型数据长度可以超过<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字符,中间可以有空格,头尾的空格仍将被忽略。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>不论字符型变量还是数值型变量如果指定列位置都是空白则输入值为缺失值。小数点仍表示数值型和字符型变量的缺失值。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>可以只输入数据行中的某些项而忽略其它项。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>列方式不要求数据项之间分开,所以经常用来输入紧缩格式的数据。比如,我们要输入一批身份证号码,但只输入其中的出生年、月、日信息,就可以用如下程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data pids; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">input year 7-8 mon 9-10 day 11-12; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">cards; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">110103751209223 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">110101690215005 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>列格式可以与自由格式混用,见<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1.3</FONT>的例子。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>如果需要完全原样地输入字符型数据(包括头尾空格、单独的小数点),可以用有格式输入,即在字符型变量名和<FONT face="Times New Roman">$</FONT>符后加上一个输入格式如<FONT face="Times New Roman">CHAR10.</FONT>表示读入<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>个字符。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>有特殊格式的数据枰?糜懈袷绞淙耄?丛诒淞棵?蠹痈袷矫?F渲凶畛<?氖怯美词淙肴掌凇J?葜械娜掌谛捶ň?J嵌嘀侄嘌?模?热<FONT face="Times New Roman">?998</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>月<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>日可以写成<FONT face="Times New Roman">"1998-10-9"</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">"19981009"</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">"9/10/98"</FONT>等等,为读入这样的日期数据就需要为它指定特殊的日期输入格式。另外,日期数据在<FONT face="Times New Roman">S </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">AS</FONT>中是按数值存储的,所以如果要显示日期值,也需要为它指定特殊的日期输出格式。例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data a; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">input date yymmdd8. sales; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">format date yymmdd10.; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">cards; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">56-6-13 1100 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">67.12.15 1200 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">78 10 2 1300 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">891001 1400 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">19960101 1500 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">20020901 1600 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>其中日期数据占据<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>列位置,如果不满<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>列要用空格补充,不能让后面的数据进入这<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>列。这样可以输入没有世纪数,年、月、日之间用减号、小数点、空格分隔的日期,可以输入<FONT face="Times New Roman">YYMMDD</FONT>格式的六位数的日期(一位数的月、日前面补<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>),可以输入带世纪数的<FONT face="Times New Roman">YYYYMMDD</FONT>格式的日期(一位数的月<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>、日前面补<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">FORMAT</FONT>语句规定输出日期变量时使用的显示格式。结果为:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">1 1956-06-13 1100 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">2 1967-07-11 1200 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">3 1978-10-02 1300 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">4 1989-10-01 1400 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">5 1996-01-01 1500 </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>程序语句对生成的数据集进行修改。比如,我们把超过<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>分的语文成绩都改为<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>分,就可以用如下程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501a; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">set c9501; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">if chinese&gt;100 then chinese=100; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>当然,这种修改也可以在读入原始数据的数据步中使用而不限于使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>的数据步。也可以生成新的变量。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>在数据步中可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">KEEP</FONT>语句或<FONT face="Times New Roman">DROP</FONT>语句指定要保留的变量或要丢弃的变量。比如,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501b; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">set c9501; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">keep name avg; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>生成的数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501B</FONT>只包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">AVG</FONT>两个变量。用<FONT face="Times New Roman">KEEP</FONT>语句指定要保留的变量。用<FONT face="Times New Roman">DROP</FONT>语句指定要丢弃的变量,比如上例中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">KEEP</FONT>语句可以换成:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">drop sex math chinese; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>用这种方法可以取出数据集的一部分列组成的子集。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT>也可以指定一个条件取出数据集的某些行组成的子集。比如,我们希望取出数学分数<FONT face="Times New Roman">90</FONT>分以上,语文分数<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>分以上的学生的观测,可以用如下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>子集<FONT face="Times New Roman">IF</FONT>语句<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501c; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">set c9501; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">IF math&gt;=90 and chinese&gt;=100; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P char; 0cm auto? mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: 0pt;>注意子集<FONT face="Times New Roman">IF</FONT>语句不同于我们前面所讲的分支语句,它没有<FONT face="Times New Roman">THEN</FONT>部分,只有条件,用于取出满足条件的行子集。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:21:47 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.5 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句拆分数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">有时我们需要根据某一分类原则把数据行分别存放到不同的数据集。比如,我们希望把数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>中的所有男生的观测放到数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501M</FONT>中,把所有女生的观测放到<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501F</FONT>中,可以使用如下程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501m c9501f; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  set c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  select(sex); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    when('</FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">') output c9501m; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    when('</FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">') output c9501f; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    otherwise put sex= '</FONT>有错<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  end; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  drop sex; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print data=c9501m;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print data=c9501f;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这个程序中有两个地方需要注意:在<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATA</FONT>语句中,我们指定了两个数据集名,这表示要生成两个数据集。程序中用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>语句引入了一个数据集,这个数据集的观测如何分配到两个结果数据集中呢?关键在于<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句。<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句是一个可执行语句,它命令把当前观测写到语句指定的数据<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">集中。这样,我们根据<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>的结果把不同性别分别放到了两个不同数据集中。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句还可以用来强行写入数据集而不必象我们在数据步流程图中说明的那样等到数据步最后一个语句完成。数据步中有了<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句后数据步流程中不再有自动写入观测的操作,而只能由<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句指定输出。不指定数据集名的<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句输出到第一个结果数据集。比如下面的程序<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">生成一个包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>到<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>的及其平方的有<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>个观测的数据集:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data sq; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  do i=1 to 10; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    j=i*i; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    output; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  end; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">如果删去上面的<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>语句则结果数据集中只有<FONT face="Times New Roman">i=11</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">j=100</FONT>的一个观测。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:22:09 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.6 </FONT>数据集的纵向合并<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Classes </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">几个结构相同的数据集可以上下地连接到一起。比如,我们有四个班的学生情况的数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">Class1-Class4</FONT>,每个数据集包含一个班学生的学号、姓名、性别信息,我们希望把这些数据集合并为一个大数据集,可以用如下代码:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data classes; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  set class1 class2 class3 class4; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可见,要把若干个结构相同的数据集合并为一个数据集,只要在<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATA</FONT>语句中指定要生成的大数据集的名字,然后在数据步中使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>语句并在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>语句中依次列出各小数据集。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">有时我们需要在合并数据集时加入一个变量来指示每一个观测原来来自哪一个小数据集,这可以在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SET</FONT>语句的每一个数据集名后面加一个括号,里面写上<FONT face="Times New Roman">IN=</FONT>变量名,变量名所给的变量取<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>表示观测来自此数据集,取<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>表示观测非来自此数据集。例如,在<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.5</FONT>中我们把<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>数据集按男、女拆<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">分成了<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501M</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501F</FONT>两个数据集并抛弃了性别变量,就可以用如下程序连接两个数据集并恢复性别信息:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data new; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  set c9501m(in=male) c9501f(in=female); </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  if male=1 then sex='</FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  if female=1 then sex='</FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在数据步中,如果观测来自<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501M</FONT>,则变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">MALE</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,如果观测来自<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501F</FONT>则变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">FEMALE</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,可以使用这两个变量的值定义新变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">SEX</FONT>。用数据集选项的<FONT face="Times New Roman">IN=</FONT>指定的变量不能直接进入结果数据集而只能用于数据步程序中。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:22:24 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.7 </FONT>数据集的横向合并<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">两个(或多个)数据集如果包含了同样的一些观测的不同属性(变量),比如,数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501U</FONT>包含学生的姓名、性别,数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501V</FONT>包含学生的数学成绩,数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501W</FONT>包含学生的语文成绩,且各数据集的观测是按顺序一一对应的,就可以用如下带有<FONT face="Times New Roman">MERGE</FONT>语句的数据步把它们左右横向合<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">并到一个数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">NEW</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data new; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  merge c9501u c9501v c9501w; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这样虽然可以横向合并数据集,但是如果各数据集的观测顺序并不一样,就会把不同人的成绩合并到一起。所以横向合并一般应该采用按关键字合并的办法,即先把每个数据集按照相同的、能唯一区分各观测的一个(或几个)变量排序,然后用<FONT face="Times New Roman">BY</FONT>语句和<FONT face="Times New Roman">MERGE</FONT>语句联合使用,这样即使原来<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">观测顺序不一致也可以保证横向合并的结果没有错。下例先把<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>数据集横向拆分为包含姓名、性别的数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501X</FONT>和包含姓名、数学成绩、语文成绩的数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501Y</FONT>,然后按关键字横向合并:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501x; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  set c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  keep name sex; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501y; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  set c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  keep name math chinese; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=c9501x; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=c9501y; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data new; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  merge c9501x c9501y; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC SORT</FONT>是排序过程,用来把数据集按照某个变量的次序排序(这里是按变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>的次序排列,用<FONT face="Times New Roman">BY</FONT>语句指定排序的变量名)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:23:28 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.8 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">UPDATE</FONT>语句更新数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">如果我们发现数据集中的某些数据值有错误或者现在的值已经改变了,我们可以从更正了的原始数据重新生成数据集,或者使用更有效的方法,即建立一个只包含新数据值的数据集,用此数据集修改原数据集。使用如下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATA</FONT>步中可以实现数据集的更新:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                DATA  </FONT>新数据集名<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        UPDATE  </FONT>原数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>更新用数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        BY  </FONT>关键变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                RUN; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如,比如我们发现数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>中王思明的语文成绩实际应该是<FONT face="Times New Roman">91</FONT>分,张红艺性别应为男,可以先生成如下的只包含更正数据值的数据集,不需要改的观测不列入,不需要改的变量不列入或取缺失值:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data upd; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  input name $ sex $ chinese; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  cards; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> . </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman"> . 91 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">然后,把原数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>和更新用数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">UPD</FONT>均按姓名(<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>)排序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=upd; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">最后用<FONT face="Times New Roman">UPDATE</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">BY</FONT>更新得到新数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman">NEW</FONT>,其中王思明的语文成绩改成了<FONT face="Times New Roman">91</FONT>分,张红艺性别改成了男。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data new; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  update c9501 upd; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by name; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3.9 </FONT>用<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC SQL</FONT>管理数据<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统首先是一个数据管理系统,因此它除了可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言程序管理<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据库、数据集外,还提供了其它大型数据库管理系统(如<FONT face="Times New Roman">Oracle</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Sybase</FONT>)通用的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>语言功能。在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统中<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>语言实现在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>过程中。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>过程可以从一个或多个表中查询信息,生成表,向表中插入行,更<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">新表的内容,对表进行纵向合并、横向连接等等。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SQL</FONT>语言可以实现极其复杂的数据管理功能,在这里我们只对它的查询功能作简单介绍,感兴趣的读者可以自己阅读一些数据库管理方面的书籍。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">用<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC SQL</FONT>作查询的最简单的用法如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC SQL; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        SELECT  </FONT>第一项,第二项,…,第<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>项<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        FROM   </FONT>数据集<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        WHERE  </FONT>观测选择条件<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                RUN; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>是一个语句,<FONT face="Times New Roman">FROM</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHERE</FONT>叫做子句,注意语句是在最后结尾的,中间没有分号。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>子句中指定的各项一般为变量名,中间用逗号分隔(注意不是用空格分隔)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">FROM</FONT>子句指定要从哪个数据集查询。<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHERE</FONT>子句指定选择观测的条件。所以,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>语句可以很方便地从一个表查<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">询一个子集,并可以自动输出到输出窗口而不需再使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC PRINT</FONT>。例如,下面的程序显示语文成绩在<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>分以上(包含)的学生的姓名和数学成绩:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sql; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  select name, math </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  from c9501 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  where chinese&gt;=100; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">结果显示<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     NAME            MATH </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     -------------------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">            89 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman">              98 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                     </FONT>刘颍<FONT face="Times New Roman">              80 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>语句中还可以加入<FONT face="Times New Roman">ORDER BY</FONT>子句,可以为查询结果排序。比如,下程序<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
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