数学专业英语－Mathematicans

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:37:34

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>Leonhard Euler was born on April 15,1707,in Basel, Switzerland, the son of a mathematician and Caivinist pastor who wanted his son to become a pastor as well. Although Euler had different ideas, he entered the University of Basel to study Hebrew and theology, thus obeying his father. His hard work at the university and remarkable ability brought him to the attention of the well-known mathematician Johann Bernoulli (1667—1748). Bernoulli, realizing Euler’s talents, persuaded Euler’s father to change his mind, and Euler pursued his studies in mathematics.
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>At the age of nineteen, Euler’s first original work appeared. His paper failed to win the Paris Academy Prize in 1727; however this loss was compensated for later as he won the prize twelve times.
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>At the age of 28, Euler competed for the Pairs prize for a problem in astronomy which several leading mathematicians had thought would take several months to solve.To their great surprise, he solved it in three days! Unfortunately, the considerable strain that he underwent in his relentless effort caused an illness that resulted in the loss of the sight of his right eye.
At the age of 62, Euler lost the sight of his left eye and thus became totally blind. However this did not end his interest and work in mathematics; instead, his mathematical productivity increased considerably.
On September 18, 1783, while playing with his grandson and drinking tea, Euler suffered a fatal stroke.
Euler was the most prolific mathematician the world has ever seen. He made significant contributions to every branch of mathematics. He had phenomenal memory: He could remember every important formula of his time. A genius, he could work anywhere and under any condition.
George cantor (March 3, 1845—June 1,1918),the founder of set theory, was born in St. Petersburg into a Jewish merchant family that settled in Germany in 1856.He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Zurich and at the University of Berlin. After receiving his degree in 1867 in Berlin, he became a lecturer at the university of Halle from 1879 to 1905. In 1884,under the strain of opposition to his ideas and his efforts to prove the continuum hypothesis, he suffered the first of many attacks of depression which continued to hospitalize him from time to time until his death.
The thesis he wrote for his degree concerned the theory of numbers; however, he arrived at set theory from his research concerning the uniqueness of trigonometric series. In 1874, he introduced for the first time the concept of cardinal numbers, with which he proved that there were “more” transcendental numbers than algebraic numbers. This result caused a sensation in the mathematical world and became the subject of a great deal of controversy. Cantor was troubled by the opposition of L. Kronecker, but he was supported by J.W.R. Dedekind and G. Mittagleffer. In his note on the history of the theory of probability, he recalled the period in which the theory was not generally accepted and cried out “ the essence of mathematics lies in its freedom!” In addition to his work on the concept of cardinal numbers, he laid the basis for the concepts of order types, transfinite ordinals, and the theory of real numbers by means of fundamental sequences. He also studied general point sets in Euclidean space and defined the concepts of accumulation point, closed set and open set. He was a pioneer in dimension theory, which led to the development of topology.
Kantorovich was born on January 19, 1912, in St. Petersburg, now called Leningrad. He graduated from the University of Leningrad in 1930 and became a full professor at the early age of 22.At the age of 27, his pioneering contributions in linear programming appeared in a paper entitled Mathematical Methods for the Organization and planning of production. In 1949, he was awarded a Stalin Prize for his contributions in a branch of mathematics called functional analysis and in 1958, he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Interestingly enough, in 1965,kantorovich won a Lenin Prize for the same outstanding work in linear programming for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Since 1971, he has been the director of the Institute of Economics of Management in Moscow.
Paul R. Halmos is a distinguished professor of Mathematics at Indiana University, and Editor-Elect of the American Mathematical Monthly. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, and has held positions at Illinois, Syracuse, Chicago, Michigan, Hawaii, and Santa Barbara. He has published numerous books and nearly 100 articles, and has been the editor of many journals and several book series. The Mathematical Association of America has given him the Chauvenet Prize and (twice) the Lester Ford award for mathematical exposition. His main mathematical interests are in measure and ergodic theory, algebraic, and operators on Hilbert space.
Vito Volterra, born in the year 1860 in Ancona, showed in his boyhood his exceptional gifts for mathematical and physical thinking. At the age of thirteen, after reading Verne’s novel on the voyage from earth to moon, he devised his own method to compute the trajectory under the gravitational field of the earth and the moon; the method was worth later development into a general procedure for solving differential equations. He became a pupil of Dini at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and published many important papers while still a student. He received his degree in Physics at the age of 22 and was made full professor of Rational Mechanics at the same University only one year later, as a successor of Betti.
Volterra had many interests outside pure mathematics, ranging from history to poetry, to music. When he was called to join in 1900 the University of Rome from Turin, he was invited to give the opening speech of the academic year.
Volterra was President of the Accademia dei Lincei in the years 1923-1926. He was also the founder of the Italian Society for the Advancement of Science and of the National Council of Research. For many years he was one of the most productive scientists and a very influential personality in public life. When Fascism took power in Italy, Volterra did not accept any compromise and preferred to leave his public and academic activities.

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:37:55

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"> Vocabulary<

0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt">pastor 牧师 hospitalize 住进医院<

0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt">theology 神学 thesis 论文strain 紧张、疲惫 transcendental number 超越数relentless 无情的 sensation 感觉，引起兴趣的事prolific 多产的 controversy 争论，辩论depression 抑郁；萧条，不景气 essence 本质，要素transfinite 超限的

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:38:08

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"> Note<

0cm 0cm 0pt 51.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; tab-stops: list 51.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo44">0. 本课文由几篇介绍数学家生平的短文组成，属传记式体裁。读者从中可学到如何写介绍人物（如推荐信）之类文章。<

0cm 0cm 0pt 51.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; tab-stops: list 51.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo44">1. The considerable strain that he underwent in his relentless effort caused an illness that resulted in the loss of the sight of his right eye. 意思是：不幸，在这无情的拼搏中，巨大的劳累使他病倒，以致右眼失明。Result in 意思是：“导致”。2. Under the strain of opposition to his ideas…from time to time until his death. 意思是：当他的思想和他对连续统假设的证明作出努力而受到强烈反对时，他第一次遭遇到许多令人沮丧的打击，致使他在去世前一次又一次地住进医院。3. Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖4. Chauvenet Prize 美国数学联合会所设，创立于1925年，以表彰联合会成员认为重要的，杰出的介绍性文章。Lester Ford 奖，也是美国数学联合会所设，创于1965年，以表彰杰出的介绍性文章。受奖者文章需发表在重要的数学杂志上。5. Scuola Normale Superiorc 是“高等师范学院”的意大利文。在英文文献中，不时会出现一些非英语的外文名词，如法、德、西班牙文等，有时读者可以根据其类似于英文的发音或拼写而判断其含义。

yunjiang · 发表于 2004-5-6 09:38:22

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0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>Exercise<

0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 158.25pt">(miscellaneous exercises)<

0cm 0cm 0pt">Ⅰ.Translate the following sentences of expressions into English:1. (i) (A∪B)∩C=(A∩C)∪(B∩C) <v:shapetype><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f"></v:path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></v:shapetype><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape>2.实数可以用数轴上的点来表示。实数0对应于原点，正（负）实数对应于正（负）实轴上的点。3.设X是一拓扑空间，则（i）任意个开集的并集是开的；（ii）任意有限个开集的交集是开的。4.在拓扑映照下保持不变的性质称为拓扑性质。 5.在一个拓扑空间中，集A是闭集当且仅当A的余集<v:shape> <v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape>是开的。6.f: A→B,如果f(A)=B,则称f为A到B上的映照，如果f(a)=f(a’) =>a=a’则称f为1-1对应的映照。7.设Z是一集合，在Z上有一关系（relation）~使得对任意a,b,c∈Z满足下列条件。（i）对于所有的a∈Z有a~a（ii） a~b =>b~a（iii） a~b 与b~c =>a~c则称~为一等价（equivalence）关系。 II. Translate the following sentences into English (Read Appendix III before you translate):1. 从方程A和方程B中消去参数t,即得方程C.2. 不难验证，此一不等式对于所有自然数n均成立。3. 为了证实极限函数是连续的，我们需要去证这一连续函数级数是一致收敛的。4. 如函数f(x)(定义在某一区域G上)不取两个值a和b，则不失一般性，我们可以假定f(x)不取0和1。5. 假若定理不真，则我们容易证明由此将导出矛盾。6. 若我们能证明定理B，则定理A将是它的直接结果。7. 这一定理的证明，没有什么新的东西，证明的过程完全类似于上一定理的证明。8. 为了推导出这一不等式，我们需要某些有关积分的知识。9. 现在我们可以把上面所证明的，概括为如下的定理。10. 由（a）到（b）的证明是明显的，因此我们仅需证明由（b）到（a）也成立。

丹巧青琴 · 发表于 2004-5-11 22:52:32

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>thank you I learn something from it <

>but I can't understand something you write!

blue537 · 发表于 2004-7-17 04:13:01

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>I can understand something you write!<

>but I don't know why you do it?

blue537 · 发表于 2004-7-17 04:14:44

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>the best:<

>first feasible,<

>then awailble

xian-cai · 发表于 2004-8-28 13:08:05

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>It's very good!Thank you !<

>can you give us the Chinese translation?

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