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统计分析系统SAS

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发表于 2004-5-4 19:13:57 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<  align=center><a href="http://www.sas.com/" target="_blank" ><FONT face="Times New Roman">http://www.sas.com/</FONT></A></P>
< ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>   SAS是美国使用最为广泛的三大著名统计分析软件(SAS,SPSS和SYSTAT)之一,是目前国际上最为流行的一种大型统计分析系统,被誉为统计分析的标准软件。</FONT></P>
< ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>   SAS为“Statistical Analysis System”的缩写,意为统计分析系统。它于1966年开始研制,1976年由美国SAS软件研究所实现商品化。1985年推出SAS PC微机版本,1987年推出DOS下的SAS6。03版,之后又推出6。04版。以后的版本均可在WINDOWS下运行,目前最高版本为SAS6。12版。SAS集数据存取,管理,分析和展现于一体,为不同的应用领域提供了卓越的数据处理功能。它独特的“多硬件厂商结构”(MVA)支持多种硬件平台,在大,中,小与微型计算机和多种操作系统(如UNIX,MVS WINDOWS 和DOS等)下皆可运行。SAS采用模块式设计,用户可根据需要选择不同的模块组合。它适用于具有不同水平于经验的用户,处学者可以较快掌握其基本操作,熟练者可用于完成各种复杂的数据处理。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  目前SAS已在全球100多个国家和地区拥有29000多个客户群,直接用户超过300万人。在我国,国家信息中心,国家统计局,卫生部,中国科学院等都是SAS系统的大用户。SAS以被广泛应用于政府行政管理,科研,教育,生产和金融等不同领域,并且发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.<FONT size=3> </FONT>SAS的设计思想</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>     SAS的设计思想是为统计学家和科学工作者提供这样的一个工具,利用它可以完成包括从简单的描述性系统到复杂的多变数分析的各种运算,从而使人们从繁重的计算任务中解脱出来,有更多的时间和精力用于分析和解释计算的结果,而不必为如何获得这些结果花费过多的时间和精力。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.<FONT size=3> </FONT>SAS的功能</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>   SAS是数据管理和分析软件包,能够完成各种统计分析,矩阵运算和绘图等。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  SAS的各项功能由功能模块完成。其中BASA模块为必需模块,其它模块可任选。供选择的模块包括统计(STAS),矩阵运算(IML),绘图(GRAPH)和全屏幕操作(FSP)等20余个。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  基础模块(BASE),具有以下功能:进行数据存储,调入,追加,拷贝和文件处理;编写报告,打印图表;进行数据排序,分类等操作;完成一些基本统计数计算(如平均数和相关系数);与一些软件包(dBASE,LOTUS等)及大型机进行数据交换和通讯。BASE模块为SAS系统的核心模块。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  统计模块(STAT)提供一些高度可靠,完整的统计分析过程。主要有方差分析(包括一元,多元的单因素及多因素实验设计的方差分析),线性相关和回归分析(包括聚类分析,主成份分析,因子分析,典范相关分析)以及非参数测验等,共计26个过程。每个过程还提供多种不同算法和选项,从而SAS系统成为一个全面,细致,科学的统计分析方法集。STAT模块为SAS系统的核心和精华。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  矩阵运算模块(IML)是一种交互式矩阵语言。可直接进行矩阵运算(加法,乘法,求逆,计算特征值和特征向量等),适用于高级统计,工程运算和数学分析。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  绘图模块(GRAPH)能在微机的绘图设备上绘制图形。可制作三维图形,地图和幻灯等。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  全屏幕操作模块(FSP)为一交互式全屏幕软件。利用他可以建立,修改和浏览SAS数据集中的观察值,定义用户屏幕等。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.<FONT size=3> </FONT>SAS的特点</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> SAS把数据存取,管理,分析和展现有机地融为一体。主要特点如下:</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">1)<FONT size=3> </FONT>功能强大,统计方法齐,全,新</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>  SAS提供了从基本统计数的计算到各种试验设计的方差分析,相关回归分析以及多变数分析的多种统计分析过程,几乎囊括了所有最新分析方法,其分析技术先进,可靠。分析方法的实现通过过程调用完成。许多过程同时提供了多种算法和选项。例如方差分析中的多重比较,提供了包括LSD,DUNCAN,TUKEY测验在内的10余种方法;回归分析提供了9种自变量选择的方法(如STEPWISE,BACKWARD,FORWARD,RSQUARE等)。回归模型中可以选择是否包括截距,还可以事先指定一些包括在模型中的自变量字组(SUBSET)等。对于中间计算结果,可以全部输出,不输出或选择输出,也可存储到文件中供后续分析过程调用。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">2)<FONT size=3> </FONT>使用简便,操作灵活</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>      SAS以一个通用的数据(DATA)步产生数据集,尔后以不同的过程调用完成各种数据分析。其编程语句简洁,短小,通常只需很小的几句语句即可完成一些复杂的运算,得到满意的结果。结果输出以简明的英文给出提示,统计术语规范易懂,具有初步英语和统计基础即可。使用者只要告诉SAS“做什么”,而不必告诉其“怎么做”。同时SAS的设计,使得任何SAS能够“猜”出的东西用户都不必告诉它(即无需设定),并且能自动修正一些小的错误(例如将DATA语句的DATA拼写成DATE,SAS将假设为DATA继续运行,仅在LOG中给出注释说明)。对运行时的错误它尽可能地给出错误原因及改正方法。因而SAS将统计的科学,严谨和准确与便于使用者有机地结合起来,极大地方便了使用者。</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">3)<FONT size=3> </FONT>提供联机帮助功能</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>     使用过程中按下功能键F1,可随时获得帮助信息,得到简明的操作指导</FONT></P>
发表于 2004-5-5 05:19:29 | 显示全部楼层
我下了  但不回装啊1
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:15:21 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><B>第</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></B><B>章</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> SAS</FONT></B><B>初阶</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B> </B><p></p></FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B>§</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1  </FONT></B><B>初识</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1.1 </FONT>启动<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>用如下方法可以进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统的窗口运行环境:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Win95</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">NT</FONT>环境中,从开始菜单的程序文件夹中找到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统文件夹,从中启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统。或者生成<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS.EXE</FONT>的快捷方式(把<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS.EXE</FONT>用鼠标右键拖到桌面),双击<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS.EXE</FONT>启动。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows 3.xx</FONT>环境中找到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统程序组中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>图标双击启动。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1.2 SAS AWS</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>应用工作空间)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1 SAS AWS </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">启动后,出现如图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>运行界面,术语称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">"SAS</FONT>工作空间(<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS Application WorkSpace</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。它象其它<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>应用程序一样,在一个主窗口内,包含若干个子窗口,并有菜单条、工具栏、状态栏等。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>有三个最重要的子窗口:程序窗口(<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROGRAM EDITOR</FONT>)、运行记录窗口(<FONT face="Times New Roman">LOG</FONT>)、输出窗口(<FONT face="Times New Roman">OUTPUT</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">程序窗口的使用类似于<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>中的记事本程序,可以在其中编辑文本文件,主要是编辑<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序。程序可以直接在窗口中键入,插入新行用回车,插入点光标(闪动的竖线)可以用光标键(上下左右箭头、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Home</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">End</FONT>)移动或用鼠标单击到某一处。按住<FONT face="Times New Roman">Shift</FONT>再按光标键可以加亮显示一块文<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">本,然后用复制、剪切、粘贴命令(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Edit</FONT>菜单中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cut</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Copy</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Paste</FONT>,或工具栏图标)可以复制或移动加亮显示的文本。这些编辑操作具体请参考<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>的有关文档。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">运行记录窗口记录程序的运行情况,运行是成功还是出错,运行所用时间,如果出错,错在什么地方。运行记录窗口中以红色显示的是错误信息。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">输出窗口显示<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序的文本型输出(图形输出单独有一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">GRAPHICS</FONT>窗口)。输出分页显示。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">要把光标移动到某一窗口,可以用主菜单中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Window</FONT>菜单选择要显示的窗口。用功能键<FONT face="Times New Roman">F5</FONT>可以切换到程序窗口,<FONT face="Times New Roman">F6</FONT>可以到运行记录窗口,<FONT face="Times New Roman">F7</FONT>可以到输出窗口。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>主窗口标题栏下是主菜单。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>菜单是动态的,其内容随上下文而不同,即光标在不同窗口其菜单也不同。其中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">File</FONT>(文件)菜单主要是有关<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>文件调入、保存及打印的功能。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Edit</FONT>(编辑)菜单用于窗口的编辑(如清空、复制、剪切、粘贴、查找、替换)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Locals</FONT>(局部)菜单与当<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">前正在进行的操作有关,如果你正在程序窗口中编辑程序,则<FONT face="Times New Roman">Locals</FONT>菜单有提交运行、调回修改等项,如果在运行记录窗口或输出窗口则<FONT face="Times New Roman">Locals</FONT>菜单项根本不出现。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Globals</FONT>菜单内容比较复杂,它可以打开被关闭的程序窗口、运行记录窗口、输出窗口、图形窗口,可以进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>提供的各个独<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">立模块。主菜单下是一个命令条和工具栏菜单。命令条主要是用于与<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>较早版本的兼容性,可以在这里键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的显示管理命令。工具栏图标提供了常见任务的快捷方式,比如保存、打印、帮助等等。鼠标光标在某一工具栏图标上停留几秒可以显示一个说明。工具栏图标的解释如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Submit </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>提交编辑窗口中的程序<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  New </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>清空编辑窗口<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Open </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>打开文件到编辑窗口。用户指定一个文件调入到编辑窗口内。这个文件从此与编辑窗口相关联,以后的存盘操作将自动存入这个文件。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Save </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>存盘,保存编辑窗口内容,注意如果此窗口已经与一个文件相联系的话此功能将覆盖文件的原有内容而不提示。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Print </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>打印当前窗口内容<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Print preview </FONT>-打印预览。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Cut </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>剪切选定文本。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Copy </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>复制选定文本。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Paste </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>粘贴。注意这些操作是对<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>剪贴板进行的,可以用来与其它<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>应用程序交换文本、数据等。剪切或复制到剪贴板的内容可以被其它应用程序粘贴,其它应用程序放到剪贴板的内容也可以粘贴到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的编辑窗口中。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Undo </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>撤销刚才的编辑操作。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  DOS prompt </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>临时进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">DOS</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Browse </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>打开<FONT face="Times New Roman">WWW</FONT>浏览器并进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>公司的主页<FONT face="Times New Roman">www.sas.com</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Directories </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">Directory</FONT>(目录)窗口,可以浏览各<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>目录的内容,可以浏览目录中的数据集、<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>目录的内容。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  SAS/ASSIST </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的菜单驱动界面<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/ASSIST</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  Help </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>的帮助系统进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的帮助。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:15:44 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1.3 </FONT>简单运行样例<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">假设我们有一个班学生的数学成绩和语文成绩,数学满分为<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>,语文满分为<FONT face="Times New Roman">120</FONT>,希望计算学生的平均分数(按百分制)并按此排名,可以在程序窗口输入此程序:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">title '95</FONT>级<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>班学生成绩排名<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">data c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  input name $ 1-10 sex $ math chinese; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  avg = math*0.5 + chinese/120*100*0.5; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  cards; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">李明<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 92 98 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 89 106 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">王思明<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 86 90 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">张聪<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 98 109 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">刘颍<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 80 110 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc sort data=c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  by descending avg; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">实际上,输入这样包含中文的程序最好办法不是在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序窗口直接输入,因为<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>目前对中文输入的处理还不够完善,好的办法是打开一个其它的编辑程序如<FONT face="Times New Roman">Windows</FONT>中的记事本(在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Win95</FONT>中用开始菜单中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>程序<FONT face="Times New Roman"> | </FONT>附件<FONT face="Times New Roman"> |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">记事本<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>启动),在记事本中复制输入的程序,然后到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统程序窗口中使用粘贴命令(用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Edit</FONT>菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Paste</FONT>或工具栏上的粘贴图标),把程序复制到<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>中。也可以在记事本中把编好的程序存盘,然后在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序窗口用<FONT face="Times New Roman">File</FONT>菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Open</FONT>命令打开保存好的程序文件。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>要运行此程序,只要用鼠标单击工具栏的提交图标<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,或用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Locals</FONT>菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Submit</FONT>命令。运行后,运行记录窗口出现如下内容:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">50   title '95</FONT>级<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>班学生成绩排名<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">51   data c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">52     input name $ 1-10 sex $ math chinese; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">53     avg = math*0.5 + chinese/120*100*0.5; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">54     cards; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The data set WORK.C9501 has 5 observations and 5 variables. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The DATA statement used 0.11 seconds. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">60   ; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">61   run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">62   proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The PROCEDURE PRINT used 0.0 seconds. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">63   proc sort data=c9501; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">64     by descending avg; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">65   run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The data set WORK.C9501 has 5 observations and 5 variables. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The PROCEDURE SORT used 0.05 seconds. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">66   proc print;run; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTE: The PROCEDURE PRINT used 0.0 seconds. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中记录了每段程序的运行情况、所用时间、生成数据保存情况。如果有错误还会用红色指示错误。比如,最后的<FONT face="Times New Roman">proc print</FONT>后面的分号如果丢失,记录窗口显示如下错误:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">67   proc printrun; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">          -------- </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">          181 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ERROR 181-322: Procedure name misspelled. </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">错误说明为过程名错拼,但实际上是丢了分号导致<FONT face="Times New Roman">print</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">run</FONT>连成了一个词。在程序窗口用<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Locals | Recall text"</FONT>菜单或按<FONT face="Times New Roman">F4</FONT>功能键可以调回程序修改。正确运行后输出窗口出现如下结果:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                           95</FONT>级<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>班学生成绩排名<FONT face="Times New Roman">                           3 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">            OBS     NAME     SEX    MATH    CHINESE      AVG </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">             1     </FONT>李明<FONT face="Times New Roman">      </FONT>男<FONT face="Times New Roman">      92        98      86.8333 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">             2     </FONT>张红艺<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT>女<FONT face="Times New Roman">      89       106      88.6667 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">             3     </FONT>王变量作,而是对两个离散变量来作。比如,先把<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.CLASS</FONT>中变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">AGE</FONT>的量测水平由<FONT face="Times New Roman">Int</FONT>改为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Nom</FONT>,然后取消所有变量的选定,启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Box Plot/Mosai Plot"</FONT>,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">SEX</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">AGE</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量,作图如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>。这种图的好处是直观显示了两个变量每种取值组合的观测个数和比例。单击或双击其中一个方块可以迅速选中一个分组,比如双击年龄为<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>性别为女(<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT>)的方块可以看到这一组的学生。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:16:55 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.3.4 </FONT>数据探索――二维<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>可以作曲线图、散点图、散点图矩阵,可以在散点图中刷亮观测。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 17 </FONT>曲线图选择变量的对话框<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 18 CO</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">WIND</FONT>的曲线图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">曲线图有一个取值由小到大的<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量,有一个或几个<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,以<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量为横坐标对<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量画曲线。为了演示曲线图,打开<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.AIR</FONT>数据集(用<FONT face="Times New Roman">"File |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Open"</FONT>菜单)。这个数据集是德国某城市一周的每小时记录的空气污染情况。变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATETIME</FONT>是记录的日期时间,为特殊<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>格式数据,变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">DAY</FONT>为星期几,<FONT face="Times New Roman">HOUR</FONT>为几点钟,<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">O3</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">SO2</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">NO</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">DUST</FONT>分别为一氧化碳、臭氧、二氧化硫、一氧化氮、粉尘的浓度,<FONT face="Times New Roman">WIND</FONT>为风速。要画一氧化碳的曲线图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">,可以在未选任何变量的情况下用<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyse | Line Plot"</FONT>,弹出变量对话框(图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>),选<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATETIME</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量,<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,可以画出<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>的时间序列曲线图。单击曲线上某一个点可以显示其观测序号,双击可以检查观测。如果想单击曲线上点时不显示观测序号而显示记录时间是几点,可以在曲线图窗口中选主菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Edit | Window |  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Renew"</FONT>,可以再弹出变量窗口,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">HOUR</FONT>并按<FONT face="Times New Roman">Label</FONT>钮把时间指定为标签变量。这时在作的<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>的曲线图上单击一个点显示的就是记录时间了。可以看出<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>的高峰一般在早晨<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>点和晚上<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>点-<FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>点。用图形菜单(右键或单击向右三角)中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Observations</FONT>可以画出各个数据点的符号。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可以在图上同时画出多条曲线。比如,想考察风速对污染的影响,在图形窗口中再用主菜单的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Edit | Window | Renew"</FONT>,把<FONT face="Times New Roman">WIND</FONT>也作为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,画出的图就有两条不同颜色的曲线,单击外面的<FONT face="Times New Roman">CO</FONT>变量符号和<FONT face="Times New Roman">WIND</FONT>变量符号可以加重显示对应的曲线以区分这两条曲线。见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>。图中被选的点是风速的最高值,时间是<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>点。注意在一条曲线中被选在另一条曲线中也被选。从此图可以看出风速对污染有较明显的影响,风大时污染较轻。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 19 </FONT>体重对身高的散点图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">散点图也有一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量和一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量,但不要求<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>变量有从小到大的次序,画图不用连线而是用散点画出每一对<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>坐标。比如对<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.CLASS</FONT>,我们希望通过画图了解身高和体重的关系。在数据窗口中先选定体重(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>轴变量)再附加选定身高(<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>轴变量),启动菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Scatter  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Plot"</FONT>,就可以生成以体重为纵轴以身高为横轴的散点图(见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 19</FONT>)。从图可以看出体重与身高有明显的线性相关关系。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">为了解哪一个点代表哪一个学生,单击一个点可以显示其观测序号,双击可以检查观测。为了在单击时可以显示学生名字而不是观测序号,需要把<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>指定为标签变量。这可以在生成散点图时先不在数据窗口选<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量而是直接启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Scatter  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Plot"</FONT>菜单,弹出变量对话框,在其中选<FONT face="Times New Roman">X</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y</FONT>变量并把<FONT face="Times New Roman">NAME</FONT>指定为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Label</FONT>变量。这时,单击散点图中最左下角的那个点可以显示名字<FONT face="Times New Roman">Sandy</FONT>,单击最右上角的那个点可以显示<FONT face="Times New Roman">Philip</FONT>。选多个点可以用附加选中的办法(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Shift</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ctrl</FONT>单击)。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 20 </FONT>年龄、身高、体重的散点图矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">为了在散点图中选定多个点,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>还提供了一种称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>刷亮(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Brushing</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>的操作。在图中拖动鼠标光标可以拖出一个小长方形,在这个长方形中的点都被选中,称它为刷子。选中的点在、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Curves</FONT>菜单被开放。在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tables</FONT>菜单中可以选加一些统计表,比如<FONT face="Times New Roman">Frequency  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Table</FONT>是频数表,为每一观测值的频数、累计频数、百分比,<FONT face="Times New Roman">C.<st1:place>I.</st1:place> for Mean</FONT>可以计算均值的各种置信度的置信区间,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Location Tests</FONT>用于检验均值为某常数值(一般是<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>)的假设,可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验、符号检验、符号秩检验,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Gini's Mean  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Difference</FONT>是变量分布分散程度的一种稳健估计,计算公式为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,对正态分布其期望值为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Trimmed Mean, (1/2)N</FONT>计算去掉最大<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>个和最小<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>个值后的平均值,<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>可以指定为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>或自定值,这是变量中心位置的一种稳健估计,但估计量本身不再服从正态分布。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Trimmed  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mean, (1/2)Percent</FONT>指定去掉最大、最小的百分之多少再计算均值。<FONT face="Times New Roman">Winsorized Mean</FONT>是把最大的<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>个替换成由大到小第<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>+<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>号值,把最小的<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>个替换成由小到大第<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1/2)N</FONT>+<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>个值,然后计算的均值,它也是一种稳健的均值估计。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 28 GPA</FONT>分数的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 29 </FONT>身高的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 30 GPA</FONT>分布直方图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 31 </FONT>左偏、右偏、轻尾、重尾的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在<FONT face="Times New Roman">Graphs</FONT>菜单中已选了直方图、盒形图,还可以作<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图,即分位数-分位数图。图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT>为身高的正态<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图,其中画出了班上<FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>个学生的<FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>个点,每个点的纵坐标为变量值,而横坐标为该值的累计百分比频数对应的标准正态分位数。比如,身高最低的一个为<FONT face="Times New Roman">51.3</FONT>,其累计百分比频数(即<FONT face="Times New Roman">51.3</FONT>的经验分布函数值)为<FONT face="Times New Roman">5.3%</FONT>,即身高小于<FONT face="Times New Roman">51.3</FONT>的占<FONT face="Times New Roman">5.3%</FONT>,而标准正态分布的<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.053</FONT>分<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">位数为<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1.84570</FONT>,所以此点的横坐标即<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1.84570</FONT>。如果身高服从正态分布,<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图的散点应大致在一条直线附近变动。<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图的各种不同形状能够反映出变量分布的偏斜情况和重、轻尾情况。在<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图中也可以选观测、刷亮等。画出<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图后选主菜单中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | QQ Ref  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Line"</FONT>可以为图中散点画一条拟和直线。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 29</FONT>的身高的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图显示身高基本服从正态分布。如果我们<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.GPA</FONT>中<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分数的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图(图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>),就可以看到<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>的分布呈现左偏的情况。这是因为,在<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图的左下端,<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>散点的走向比正态(图中直线)偏下,说明<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分布的左尾比正态长;在<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图的右上端,<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>散点的走向比正态偏右下,说明<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分布的右尾比正态短,即分布左偏。作为验证,可以看一看图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 30</FONT>的直方图。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:17:09 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 32 </FONT>参数密度估计设定<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 31</FONT>给出了与正态相比左偏、右偏、轻尾、重尾的分布的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图的典型模式。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">除了可以作正态分布<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图外,还可以作对数正态、指数分布、威布尔分布的<FONT face="Times New Roman">QQ</FONT>图。对数正态要指定参数<FONT face="Times New Roman">Sigma</FONT>,威布尔分布要指定形状参数<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 33 </FONT>叠加了正态密度估计的直方图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>为研究一维变量分布除画直方图外还提供了两类分布密度估计:参数估计和非参数估计。参数估计可以拟和正态、对数正态、指数、威布尔分布密度。非参数估计使用核估计。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">比如,为了估计身高的正态密度并把密度曲线叠加在直方图上,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Parametric Density"</FONT>,弹出对话框图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 32</FONT>,指定正态分布且方法为用样本估计分布密度参数。按<FONT face="Times New Roman">OK</FONT>后作出的图见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 33</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 34 </FONT>分布密度估计的参数表(部分)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">为了作身高密度的核估计图,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Kernel Density"</FONT>,弹出一个对话框,可以选三种核函数:正态核、三角核、二次函数核,可以自动拟和最优的密度估计(方法为<FONT face="Times New Roman">AMISE</FONT>)或者自己指定平滑参数<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>。见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 33</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 35 </FONT>经验分布函数及<FONT face="Times New Roman">95%</FONT>置信限<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">作了密度曲线图后在图形下面将出现显示密度估计主要参数的表格,见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">34</FONT>。单击其中的曲线标志可以加亮显示图中的曲线。对参数密度估计,给出了估计的参数,比如正态的均值、方差;对核估计,给出了核函数类型,及平滑参数值。有些参数旁边有一个滑块,可以手工选择参数的值。比如拖动核估计中的平滑参数,此参数变小时估计的曲线变粗糙,变大时<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">曲线变光滑。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves"</FONT>菜单中还提供了对样本经验分布函数的估计。选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Empirical CDF"</FONT>即绘制样本经验分布函数。选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | CDF Confidence Band"</FONT>并选一个置信限可以在经验分布函数两边画分布函数的置信限,见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 35</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">用经验分布函数估计分布函数相当于用直方图估计分布密度。分布函数也可以用参数分布函数(如正态分布)来估计。选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Parametric CDF"</FONT>并选分布类型可以画出估计的分布函数。图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 35</FONT>中的光滑曲线即用正态分布估计身高的分布函数。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 36 </FONT>分布的检验<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>还可以进行分布检验,可以检验数据是否来自某一类分布(参数未知),或检验数据是否来自某一特定分布(参数已知)。选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Analyze | Test for Distribution"</FONT>,并选择是检验正态、对数正态、指数、威布尔分布中哪一个,选正态后,得到图<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT>的结果。它给出了分布类型、估计的分布均值、标准差,及<FONT face="Times New Roman">Kolmogorov D</FONT>统计量的值,并给出了检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">H0</FONT>:样本来自正态分布的检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Prob &gt; D</FONT>)为<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;.15</FONT>,说明检验结果不显著,不能否定正态假设。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 37 </FONT>检验是否标准正态分布<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">如果要检验数据是否来自某一特定分布,选<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Curves | Test for a Specific Distribution"</FONT>,并指定分布类型、分布参数,可以计算检验的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Kolmogorov D</FONT>统计量及相应<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值。图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 37</FONT>是检验身高是否标准正态分布的结果,可以看出<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0001</FONT>高度显著,应该否定数据来自标准正态的假设。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">说明:在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>中,统计假设检验的结果一般用检验的<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值给出。这与我们习惯的做法稍有不同,以单正态总体的均值检验为例。假设我们要检验<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.CLASS</FONT>中学生的身高是否均值为零(这当然不可能,我们为简单起见用这种假设),设总体服从<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,要检验的零假设为<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">,水平<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>,统计量使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">,一般我们用的假设检验方法定否定域为<FONT face="Times New Roman">W={|t|&gt;C}</FONT>,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">n-1</FONT>自由度<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>分布的双侧<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>分位数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Pr{|t|&gt;C}=0.05</FONT>),当用样本算出的<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量的值(如<FONT face="Times New Roman">t=A</FONT>)落入否定域时(<FONT face="Times New Roman">|A|&gt;C</FONT>)否定零假设。在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>中不需要这样指定否定域,它可以先用样本计算出<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量的值(<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>),如果这个<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>绝对值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">很大就否定零假设,<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量绝对值值是不是很大可以用这样一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">p=Pr{|t|&gt;|A|}</FONT>来衡量,<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>是一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>到<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>之间的数值,显然<FONT face="Times New Roman">|A|</FONT>越大,<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>越小。<FONT face="Times New Roman">p&lt;0.05</FONT>与<FONT face="Times New Roman">|A|&gt;C</FONT>是等价的。所以,如果<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>小于<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>,就否定零假设,称检验结果是显著的。否则不否定零假设。对<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.CLASS</FONT>中<FONT face="Times New Roman">HEIGHT</FONT>变量,在其分布<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">窗口中选菜单<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Tables | Location Tests"</FONT>并从弹出的对换框中选中<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验,要检验的均值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>,得到的结果见图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 38</FONT>。计算得到的<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>统计量值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">52.9971</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Pr{|t|&gt;52.9971}</FONT>小于等于<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0001</FONT>。因<FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT>值小于<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05</FONT>所以结果是否定零假设,结论是身高均值不为零。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>还提供了曲线拟和、回归、<FONT face="Times New Roman">logistic</FONT>回归、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Poisson</FONT>回归、相关分析、主成分分析等高等统计功能,我们在后面再陆续介绍。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">图<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 38 </FONT>身高均值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>检验结果<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:17:25 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">练习<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1. </FONT>启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>,认识界面。用<FONT face="Times New Roman">F5</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">F6</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">F7</FONT>切换三个窗口。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2. </FONT>输入<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1.3</FONT>的例子。在运行记录窗口查看有无错误。有错时回到程序窗口用<FONT face="Times New Roman">F4</FONT>调回程序修改。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3. </FONT>打开<FONT face="Times New Roman">Libraries</FONT>窗口查看各数据库的内容列表。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4. </FONT>启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS/INSIGHT</FONT>,打开<FONT face="Times New Roman">SASUSER.GPA</FONT>数据集。作各变量的直方图,查看其分布情况并简答。把<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>数据集按性别排序,同性别内按<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分数由大到小排序。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5. </FONT>用数据窗口输入<FONT face="Times New Roman">C9501</FONT>数据集。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6. </FONT>研究<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分数的分布。说明极端值情况。在纸上画出<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>的盒形图,并说明如何解释。通过直方图、盒形图、各统计量、分布检验结果简述<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>分布的特点。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7. </FONT>给男女生观测指定不同颜色。画<FONT face="Times New Roman">GPA</FONT>对<FONT face="Times New Roman">HSM</FONT>的散点图。画各数值型变量的散点图矩阵。画<FONT face="Times New Roman">HSM</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">HSS</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">HSE</FONT>的三维散点图。简述各变量间的直观的相互关系</P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:17:38 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><B>第</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></B><B>章</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> SAS</FONT></B><B>语言与数据管理</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统强大的数据管理能力、计算能力、分析能力依赖于作为其基础的<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言是一个专用的数据管理与分析语言,它的数据管理功能类似于数据库语言(如<FONT face="Times New Roman">FoxPro</FONT>),但又添加了一般高级程序设计语言的许多成分(如分支、循环、数组),以及专用于数据管理、统计计算的函<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">数。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统的数据管理、报表、图形、统计分析等功能都可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言程序来调用,只要指定要完成的任务就可以由<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>系统按照预先设计好的程序去进行,所以<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言和<FONT face="Times New Roman">FoxPro</FONT>等一样是一种第四代语言。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">本章简单介绍<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言的基本成分与规则,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言如何用来管理数据,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言作为一个统计计算语言的用法,以及<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>过程使用的初步知识。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:17:53 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">§<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1 SAS</FONT>语言构成<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1.1 SAS</FONT>语句<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言程序由数据步和过程步组成。数据步用来生成数据集、计算、整理数据,过程步用来对数据进行分析、报告。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语言的基本单位是语句,每个<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语句一般由一个关键字(如<FONT face="Times New Roman">DATA</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">PROC</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">CARDS</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">BY</FONT>)开头,包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>名字、特殊字符、运算符等,以分号结束。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>关键字是用于<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语句开头的特殊单词,<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>语句除了赋值、累加、注释、空语句以外都以关键字开头。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>名字在<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>程序中标识各种<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>成分,如变量、数据集、数据库,等等。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>名字由<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>到<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字母、数字、下划线组成,第一个字符必须是字母或下划线。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>关键字和<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>名字都不分大<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小写。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:18:25 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1.2 SAS</FONT>表达式<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>数据步程序中的计算用表达式完成。表达式把常量、变量、函数调用用运算符、括号连接起来得到一个计算结果。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>常量主要有数值型、字符型两种,并且还提供了用于表达日期、时间的数据类型。例如<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>数值型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>,-<FONT face="Times New Roman">7.5</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.5E</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">10 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>字符型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">'Beijing'</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">"Li Ming"</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>李明<FONT face="Times New Roman">" </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>日期型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">'13JUL1998'd </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>时间型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">'14:20't </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">l </FONT>日期时间型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">'13JUL1998:<st1:time Hour="14" Minute="20">14:20:32</st1:time>'dt </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">数值型常数可以用整数、定点实数、科学计数法实数表示。字符型常数为两边用单撇号或两边用双撇号包围的若干字符。日期型常数是在表示日期的字符串后加一个字母<FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT>(大小写均可),中间没有空格。时间型常数是在表示时间的字符串后加一个字母<FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT>。日期时间型常数在表示日期时间的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">字符串后加字母<FONT face="Times New Roman">dt</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>因为<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>是一种数据处理语言,而实际数据中经常会遇到缺失值,比如没有观测到数值,被访问人不肯回答,等等。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>中用一个单独的小数点来表示缺失值常量。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">         </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>变量的基本类型有两种:数值型和字符型。日期、时间等变量存为数值型。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的数值型变量可以存储任意整数、定点实数、浮点实数,一般不关心其区别。数值型变量在数据集中的存贮一般使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字节。<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>的字符型变量缺省的长度是<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字符,但是如果在<FONT face="Times New Roman">INPUT</FONT>语句中输入字符型变量<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">时指定了长度则不受此限制。可以用<FONT face="Times New Roman">LENGTH</FONT>语句直接指定变量长度,<FONT face="Times New Roman">LENGTH</FONT>语句一般应出现在变量定义之前,格式为:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                LENGTH  </FONT>变量名<FONT face="Times New Roman">  $  </FONT>长度<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">例如<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">LENGTH  name  $  20; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        SAS</FONT>运算符包括算术、比较、逻辑等运算符。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>算术运算符为<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>+<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">   *   /   **</FONT>,运算优先级按通常的优先规则。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>比较运算符用于比较常量、变量的值大小、相等,包括<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                </FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">              ^</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">             &gt;               &lt;               &gt;</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">             &lt;</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">             IN </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                EQ              <st1:place>NE              GT</st1:place>              LT              GE              LE </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">EQ</FONT>等名字和=等特殊字符是同一运算符的等价写法。比较运算符得到<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>真<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>假<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>的结果,主要用于需要条件的分支、循环等语句中。运算符<FONT face="Times New Roman">IN</FONT>是一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">SAS</FONT>特有的比较运算符,用来检查某个变量的取值是否在一个给定列表中,比如<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">prov in ('<st1:City><st1:place>Beijing</st1:place></st1:City>', '<st1:City><st1:place>Tianjin</st1:place></st1:City>', '<st1:City><st1:place>Shanghai</st1:place></st1:City>', '<st1:City><st1:place>Chongqing</st1:place></st1:City>') </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">可以判断变量<FONT face="Times New Roman">prov</FONT>的取值是否为四个直辖市之一。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>逻肌?<FONT face="Times New Roman">?nbsp;</FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                        OTHERWISE  </FONT>语句<FONT face="Times New Roman">; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这种<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>语句没有选择表达式,而是在每一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHEN</FONT>语句指定一个条件(逻辑表达式),执行第一个满足条件的<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHEN</FONT>后的语句。如果所有条件都不满足则执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">OTHERWISE</FONT>后的语句。例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        WHEN(age&lt;=12)  put  '</FONT>少年<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        WHEN(age&lt;35)  put  '</FONT>青年<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">        OTHERWISE  put  '</FONT>中老年<FONT face="Times New Roman">'; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">END; </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">注意上例中第二个<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHEN</FONT>语句的条件等价于<FONT face="Times New Roman">age&gt;12  and   age&lt;35</FONT>,因为如果年龄小于等于<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>的话则会执行第一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">WHEN</FONT>语句,然后退出<FONT face="Times New Roman">SELECT</FONT>结构,根本不会判断第二个条件。这与其它语言中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">IF</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">ELSEIF</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">ELSE</FONT>结构的用法是一致的。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
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