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MATLAB简介以及基础教程

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发表于 2004-5-4 18:54:38 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank" >      http://www.mathworks.com/</A></P>
< >1.      MATLAB的概况</P>
< ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>  MATLAB是矩阵实验室(Matrix Laboratory)之意。除具备卓越的数值计算能力外,它还提供了专业水平的符号计算,文字处理,可视化建模仿真和实时控制等功能。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>  MATLAB的基本数据单位是矩阵,它的指令表达式与数学,工程中常用的形式十分相似,故用MATLAB来解算问题要比用C,FORTRAN等语言完相同的事情简捷得多.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 当前流行的MATLAB 5.3/Simulink 3.0包括拥有数百个内部函数的主包和三十几种工具包(Toolbox).工具包又可以分为功能性工具包和学科工具包.功能工具包用来扩充MATLAB的符号计算,可视化建模仿真,文字处理及实时控制等功能.学科工具包是专业性比较强的工具包,控制工具包,信号处理工具包,通信工具包等都属于此类.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 开放性使MATLAB广受用户欢迎.除内部函数外,所有MATLAB主包文件和各种工具包都是可读可修改的文件,用户通过对源程序的修改或加入自己编写程序构造新的专用工具包.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P >2.      MATLAB产生的历史背景</P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 在70年代中期,Cleve Moler博士和其同事在美国国家科学基金的资助下开发了调用EISPACK和LINPACK的FORTRAN子程序库.EISPACK是特征值求解的FOETRAN程序库,LINPACK是解线性方程的程序库.在当时,这两个程序库代表矩阵运算的最高水平.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 到70年代后期,身为美国New Mexico大学计算机系系主任的Cleve Moler,在给学生讲授线性代数课程时,想教学生使用EISPACK和LINPACK程序库,但他发现学生用FORTRAN编写接口程序很费时间,于是他开始自己动手,利用业余时间为学生编写EISPACK和LINPACK的接口程序.Cleve Moler给这个接口程序取名为MATLAB,该名为矩阵(matrix)和实验室(labotatory)两个英文单词的前三个字母的组合.在以后的数年里,MATLAB在多所大学里作为教学辅助软件使用,并作为面向大众的免费软件广为流传.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 1983年春天,Cleve Moler到Standford大学讲学,MATLAB深深地吸引了工程师John Little.John Little敏锐地觉察到MATLAB在工程领域的广阔前景.同年,他和Cleve Moler,Steve Bangert一起,用C语言开发了第二代专业版.这一代的MATLAB语言同时具备了数值计算和数据图示化的功能.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 1984年,Cleve Moler和John Little成立了Math Works公司,正式把MATLAB推向市场,并继续进行MATLAB的研究和开发.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 在当今30多个数学类科技应用软件中,就软件数学处理的原始内核而言,可分为两大类.一类是数值计算型软件,如MATLAB,Xmath,Gauss等,这类软件长于数值计算,对处理大批数据效率高;另一类是数学分析型软件,Mathematica,Maple等,这类软件以符号计算见长,能给出解析解和任意精确解,其缺点是处理大量数据时效率较低.MathWorks公司顺应多功能需求之潮流,在其卓越数值计算和图示能力的基础上,又率先在专业水平上开拓了其符号计算,文字处理,可视化建模和实时控制能力,开发了适合多学科,多部门要求的新一代科技应用软件MATLAB.经过多年的国际竞争,MATLAB以经占据了数值软件市场的主导地位.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 在MATLAB进入市场前,国际上的许多软件包都是直接以FORTRANC语言等编程语言开发的。这种软件的缺点是使用面窄,接口简陋,程序结构不开放以及没有标准的基库,很难适应各学科的最新发展,因而很难推广。MATLAB的出现,为各国科学家开发学科软件提供了新的基础。在MATLAB问世不久的80年代中期,原先控制领域里的一些软件包纷纷被淘汰或在MATLAB上重建。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> MathWorks公司1993年推出了MATLAB 4。0版,1995年推出4。2C版(for win3。X)1997年推出5。0版。1999年推出5。3版。MATLAB 5。X较MATLAB 4。X无论是界面还是内容都有长足的进展,其帮助信息采用超文本格式和PDF格式,在Netscape 3。0或IE 4。0及以上版本,Acrobat Reader中可以方便地浏览。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 时至今日,经过MathWorks公司的不断完善,MATLAB已经发展成为适合多学科,多种工作平台的功能强大大大型软件。在国外,MATLAB已经经受了多年考验。在欧美等高校,MATLAB已经成为线性代数,自动控制理论,数理统计,数字信号处理,时间序列分析,动态系统仿真等高级课程的基本教学工具;成为攻读学位的大学生,硕士生,博士生必须掌握的基本技能。在设计研究单位和工业部门,MATLAB被广泛用于科学研究和解决各种具体问题。在国内,特别是工程界,MATLAB一定会盛行起来。可以说,无论你从事工程方面的哪个学科,都能在MATLAB里找到合适的功能。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P >2.MATLAB的语言特点</P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 一种语言之所以能如此迅速地普及,显示出如此旺盛的生命力,是由于它有着不同于其他语言的特点,正如同FORTRAN和C等高级语言使人们摆脱了需要直接对计算机硬件资源进行操作一样,被称作为第四代计算机语言的MATLAB,利用其丰富的函数资源,使编程人员从繁琐的程序代码中解放出来。MATLAB最突出的特点就是简洁。MATLAB用更直观的,符合人们思维习惯的代码,代替了C和   FORTRAN语言的冗长代码。MATLAB给用户带来的是最直观,最简洁的程序开发环境。以下简单介绍一下MATLAB的主要特点。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>1)。语言简洁紧凑,使用方便灵活,库函数极其丰富。MATLAB程序书写形式自由,利用起丰富的库函数避开繁杂的子程序编程任务,压缩了一切不必要的编程工作。由于库函数都由本领域的专家编写,用户不必担心函数的可靠性。可以说,用MATLAB进行科技开发是站在专家的肩膀上。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 具有FORTRAN和C等高级语言知识的读者可能已经注意到,如果用FORTRAN或C语言去编写程序,尤其当涉及矩阵运算和画图时,编程会很麻烦。例如,如果用户想求解一个线性代数方程,就得编写一个程序块读入数据,然后再使用一种求解线性方程的算法(例如追赶法)编写一个程序块来求解方程,最后再输出计算结果。在求解过程中,最麻烦的要算第二部分。解线性方程的麻烦在于要对矩阵的元素作循环,选择稳定的算法以及代码的调试动不容易。即使有部分源代码,用户也会感到麻烦,且不能保证运算的稳定性。解线性方程的程序用FORTRAN和C这样的高级语言编写,至少需要四百多行,调试这种几百行的计算程序可以说很困难。以下用MATLAB编写以上两个小程序的具体过程。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>MATLAB求解下列方程,并求解矩阵A的特征值。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>Ax=b,其中:</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT color=#000000 size=3>A= 32    13    45    67</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>   23    79    85    12</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>   43    23    54    65</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>   98    34    71    35</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT color=#000000 size=3>b=   1</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>     2</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>     3</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>     4</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>解为:x=A\b;设A的特征值组成的向量e,e=eig(A)。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000> 可见,MATLAB的程序极其简短。更为难能可贵的是,MATLAB甚至具有一定的智能水平,比如上面的解方程,MATLAB会根据矩阵的特性选择方程的求解方法,所以用户根本不用怀疑MATLAB的准确性。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>2)运算符丰富。由于MATLAB是用C语言编写的,MATLAB提供了和C语言几乎一样多的运算符,灵活使用MATLAB的运算符将使程序变得极为简短。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>3)MATLAB既具有结构化的控制语句(如for循环,while循环,break语句和if语句),又有面向对象编程的特性。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>4)程序限制不严格,程序设计自由度大。例如,在MATLAB里,用户无需对矩阵预定义就可使用。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>5)程序的可移植性很好,基本上不做修改就可以在各种型号的计算机和操作系统上运行。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>6)MATLAB的图形功能强大。在FORTRAN和C语言里,绘图都很不容易,但在MATLAB里,数据的可视化非常简单。MATLAB还具有较强的编辑图形界面的能力。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>7)MATLAB的缺点是,它和其他高级程序相比,程序的执行速度较慢。由于MATLAB的程序不用编译等预处理,也不生成可执行文件,程序为解释执行,所以速度较慢。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>8)功能强大的工具箱是MATLAB的另一特色。MATLAB包含两个部分:核心部分和各种可选的工具箱。核心部分中有数百个核心内部函数。其工具箱又分为两类:功能性工具箱和学科性工具箱。功能性工具箱主要用来扩充其符号计算功能,图示建模仿真功能,文字处理功能以及与硬件实时交互功能。功能性工具箱用于多种学科。而学科性工具箱是专业性比较强的,如control,toolbox,signl proceessing toolbox,commumnication toolbox等。这些工具箱都是由该领域内学术水平很高的专家编写的,所以用户无需编写自己学科范围内的基础程序,而直接进行高,精,尖的研究。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>9)源程序的开放性。开放性也许是MATLAB最受人们欢迎的特点。除内部函数以外,所有MATLAB的核心文件和工具箱文件都是可读可改的源文件,用户可通过对源文件的修改以及加入自己的文件构成新的工具箱。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P> </P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 18:57:31 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=center><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT></B><B normal">入门教程</B><p></p></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=center><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></B><B normal">.</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT></B><B normal">的基本知识</B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><b><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-1</FONT>、基本运算与函数<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></FONT></b></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>下进行基本数学运算,只需将运算式直接打入提示号(<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;&gt;</FONT></FONT><FONT color=#000000>)之後,并按入</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"><b>Enter</b></FONT><FONT color=#000000>键即可。例如:</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>   </FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>&gt;&gt; (5*2+1.3-0.8)*10/25   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>ans =4.2000   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会将运算结果直接存入一变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">ans</FONT>,代表<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>运算後的答案(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Answer</FONT>)并显示其数值於萤幕上。</FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>小提示:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> "&gt;&gt;"</FONT>是<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的提示符号(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Prompt</FONT>),但在<FONT face="Times New Roman">PC</FONT>中文视窗系统下,由於编码方式不同,此提示符号常会消失不见,但这并不会影响到<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的运算结果。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>我们也可将上述运算式的结果设定给另一个变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>x = (5*2+1.3-0.8)*10^2/25   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>x = 42  </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>此时<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会直接显示<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的值。由上例可知,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>认识所有一般常用到的加(<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>)、减(<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>)、乘(<FONT face="Times New Roman">*</FONT>)、除(<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>)的数学运算符号,以及幂次运算(<FONT face="Times New Roman">^</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>小提示:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> MATLAB</FONT>将所有变数均存成<FONT face="Times New Roman">double</FONT>的形式,所以不需经过变数宣告(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Variable declaration</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>同时也会自动进行记忆体的使用和回收,而不必像<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>语言<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>必须由使用者一一指定<FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT>这些功能使的<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>易学易用,使用者可专心致力於撰写程式,而不必被软体枝节问题所干扰。<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>若不想让<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>每次都显示运算结果,只需在运算式最後加上分号(;)即可,如下例:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>y = sin(10)*exp(-0.3*4^2);   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>若要显示变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>的值,直接键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>即可:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>&gt;&gt;y   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>y =-0.0045   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>在上例中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sin</FONT>是正弦函数,<FONT face="Times New Roman">exp</FONT>是指数函数,这些都是<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>常用到的数学函数。</FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>下表即为<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>常用的基本数学函数及三角函数:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>小整理:<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>常用的基本数学函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">abs(x)</FONT>:纯量的绝对值或向量的长度<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">angle(z)</FONT>:复<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>数<FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT>的相角<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Phase angle) </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">sqrt(x)</FONT>:开平方<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">real(z)</FONT>:复数<FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT>的实部<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">imag(z)</FONT>:复数<FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT>的虚<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>部<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">conj(z)</FONT>:复数<FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT>的共轭复数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">round(x)</FONT>:四舍五入至最近整数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">fix(x)</FONT>:无论正负,舍去小数至最近整数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">floor(x)</FONT>:地板函数,即舍去正小数至最近整数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">ceil(x)</FONT>:天花板函数,即加入正小数至最近整数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">rat(x)</FONT>:将实数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>化为分数表示<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">rats(x)</FONT>:将实数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>化为多项分数展开<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">sign(x)</FONT>:符号函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> (Signum function)</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>当<FONT face="Times New Roman">x&lt;0</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sign(x)=-1</FONT>;<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>当<FONT face="Times New Roman">x=0</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sign(x)=0;   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>当<FONT face="Times New Roman">x&gt;0</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">sign(x)=1</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt; </FONT>小整理:<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>常用的三角函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">sin(x)</FONT>:正弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">cos(x)</FONT>:馀弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">tan(x)</FONT>:正切函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">asin(x)</FONT>:反正弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">acos(x)</FONT>:反馀弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">atan(x)</FONT>:反正切函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">atan2(x,y)</FONT>:四象限的反正切函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">sinh(x)</FONT>:超越正弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">cosh(x)</FONT>:超越馀弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">tanh(x)</FONT>:超越正切函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">asinh(x)</FONT>:反超越正弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">acosh(x)</FONT>:反超越馀弦函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">atanh(x)</FONT>:反超越正切函数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000>变数也可用来存放向量或矩阵,并进行各种运算,如下例的列向量(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Row vector</FONT>)运算:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">x = [1 3 5 2];   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = 2*x+1   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = 3 7 11 5   </FONT></FONT></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=center> </P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 18:59:04 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:变数命名的规则<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>第一个字母必须是英文字母<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 2.</FONT>字母间不可留空格<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 3.</FONT>最多只能有<FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>个字母,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会忽略多馀字母<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">我们可以随意更改、增加或删除向量的元素:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y(3) = 2 % </FONT>更改第三个元素<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y =3 7 2 5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y(6) = 10 % </FONT>加入第六个元素<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = 3 7 2 5 0 10   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y(4) = [] % </FONT>删除第四个元素,<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = 3 7 2 0 10   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在上例中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会忽略所有在百分比符号(<FONT face="Times New Roman">%</FONT>)之後的文字,因此百分比之後的文字均可视为程式的注解(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Comments</FONT>)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>亦可取出向量的一个元素或一部份来做运算:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x(2)*3+y(4) % </FONT>取出<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的第二个元素和<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>的第四个元素来做运算<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans = 9   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y(2:4)-1 % </FONT>取出<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>的第二至第四个元素来做运算<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans = 6 1 -1   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在上例中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2:4</FONT>代表一个由<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>组成的向量</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若对<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>函数用法有疑问,可随时使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">help</FONT>来寻求线上支援(<FONT face="Times New Roman">on-line help</FONT>):<FONT face="Times New Roman">help linspace   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小整理:<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的查询命令<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">help</FONT>:用来查询已知命令的用法。例如已知<FONT face="Times New Roman">inv</FONT>是用来计算反矩阵,键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">help inv</FONT>即可得知有关<FONT face="Times New Roman">inv</FONT>命令的用法。(键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">help help</FONT>则显示<FONT face="Times New Roman">help</FONT>的用法,请试看看!)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> lookfor</FONT>:用来寻找未知的命令。例如要寻找计算反矩阵的命令,可键入<FONT face="Times New Roman"> lookfor inverse</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>即会列出所有和关键字<FONT face="Times New Roman">inverse</FONT>相关的指令。找到所需的命令後<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,即可用<FONT face="Times New Roman">help</FONT>进一步找出其用法。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">lookfor</FONT>事实上是对所有在搜寻路径下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案进行关键字对第一注解行的比对,详见後叙。)<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">将列向量转置(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Transpose</FONT>)後,即可得到行向量(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Column vector</FONT>):<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">z = x'   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">z = 4.0000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   5.2000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   6.4000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   7.6000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   8.8000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   10.0000    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">不论是行向量或列向量,我们均可用相同的函数找出其元素个数、最大值、最小值等:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">length(z) % z</FONT>的元素个数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans = 6   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">max(z) % z</FONT>的最大值<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans = 10   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">min(z) % z</FONT>的最小值<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans =   4   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小整理:适用於向量的常用函数有:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">min(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素的最小值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">max(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素的最大值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">mean(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素的平均值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">median(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素的中位数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">std(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素的标准差<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">diff(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的相邻元素的差<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">sort(x): </FONT>对向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素进行排序(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Sorting</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">length(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素个数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">norm(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的欧氏(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Euclidean</FONT>)长度<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">sum(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素总和<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">prod(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的元素总乘积<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">cumsum(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的累计元素总和<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">cumprod(x): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的累计元素总乘积<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">dot(x, y): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>的内<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>积<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">cross(x, y): </FONT>向量<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>的外积<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(大部份的向量函数也可适用於矩阵,详见下述。)<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 18:59:23 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若要输入矩阵,则必须在每一列结尾加上分号(;),如下例:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12];    </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1  2  3  4    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  6  7  8    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  10 11  12   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">同样地,我们可以对矩阵进行各种处理:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A(2,3) = 5 % </FONT>改变位於第二列,第三行的元素值<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1  2  3  4   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  6  5  8    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  10 11  12    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B = A(2,1:3) % </FONT>取出部份矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">B   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B = 5 6 5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A = [A B'] % </FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>转置後以行向量并入<FONT face="Times New Roman">A   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1  2  3   4  5    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  6  5   8  6    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  10 11  12  5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A(:, 2) = [] % </FONT>删除第二行(:代表所有列)<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1  3  4  5    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  5  8  6    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  11 12  5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A = [A; 4 3 2 1] % </FONT>加入第四列<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1  3   4   5    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  5   8   6    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  11  12  5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4  3   2   1   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A([1 4], = [] % </FONT>删除第一和第四列(:代表所有行)<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5  5   8   6    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9  11  12  5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这几种矩阵处理的方式可以相互叠代运用,产生各种意想不到的效果,就看各位的巧思和创意。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:在<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的内部资料结构中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>每一个矩阵都是一个以行为主(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Column-oriented </FONT>)的阵列(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Array</FONT>)因此对於矩阵元素的存取,我们可用一维或二维的索引(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Index</FONT>)来定址。举例来说,在上述矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>中,位於第二列、第三行的元素可写为<FONT face="Times New Roman">A(2,3) </FONT>(二维索引)或<FONT face="Times New Roman">A(6)</FONT>(一维索引,即将所有直行进行堆叠後的第六个元素)。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">此外,若要重新安排矩阵的形状,可用<FONT face="Times New Roman">reshape</FONT>命令:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B = reshape(A, 4, 2) % 4</FONT>是新矩阵的列数,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>是新矩阵的行数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B =   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5   8    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9   12    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5   6   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11  5   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:<FONT face="Times New Roman"> A(</FONT>就是将矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>每一列堆叠起来,成为一个行向量,而这也是<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>变数的内部储存方式。以前例而言,<FONT face="Times New Roman">reshape(A, 8, 1)</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">A(</FONT>同样都会产生一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">8x1</FONT>的矩阵。<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>可在同时执行数个命令,只要以逗号或分号将命令隔开:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x = sin(pi/3); y = x^2; z = y*10,</FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">z =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7.5000   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若一个数学运算是太长,可用三个句点将其延伸到下一行:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">z = 10*sin(pi/3)* ...   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">sin(pi/3);   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若要检视现存於工作空间(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Workspace</FONT>)的变数,可键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">who</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">who   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Your variables are:   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">testfile x   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">这些是由使用者定义的变数。若要知道这些变数的详细资料,可键入:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">whos   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Name Size Bytes Class  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A 2x4 64 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B 4x2 64 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans 1x1 8 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x 1x1 8 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y 1x1 8 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">z 1x1 8 double array   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Grand total is 20 elements using 160 bytes   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">clear</FONT>可以删除工作空间的变数:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">clear A   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">A   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">??? Undefined function or variable 'A'.   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">另外<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>有些永久常数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Permanent constants</FONT>),虽然在工作空间中看不<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>到,但使用者可直接取用,例如:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">pi   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans = 3.1416   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">下表即为<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>常用到的永久常数。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小整理:<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的永久常数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> i</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">j</FONT>:基本虚数单位</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">eps</FONT>:系统的浮点(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Floating-point</FONT>)精确度<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">inf</FONT>:无限大,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>例如<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/0 nan</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">NaN</FONT>:非数值(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Not a number</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,例如<FONT face="Times New Roman">0/0 </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">pi</FONT>:圆周率<FONT face="Times New Roman"> p</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">= 3.1415926...</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">realmax</FONT>:系统所能表示的最大数值<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">realmin</FONT>:系统所能表示的最小数值<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">nargin: </FONT>函数的输入引数个数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">nargin: </FONT>函数的输出引数个数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 18:59:44 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-2</FONT></B><B normal">、重复命令</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">最简单的重复命令是<FONT face="Times New Roman">for</FONT>?圈(<FONT face="Times New Roman">for-loop</FONT>),其基本形式为:<FONT face="Times New Roman">     </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for </FONT>变数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> = </FONT>矩阵;<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">运算式;<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中变数的值会被依次设定为矩阵的每一行,来执行介於<FONT face="Times New Roman">for</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">end</FONT>之间的运算式。因此<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>若无意外情况,运算式执行的次数会等於矩阵的行数。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">举例来说,下列命令会产生一个长度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>的调和数列(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Harmonic sequence</FONT>):<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x = zeros(1,6); % x</FONT>是一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>的零矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for i = 1:6,   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x(i) = 1/i;   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在上例中,矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>最初是一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>的零矩阵,在<FONT face="Times New Roman">for</FONT>?圈中,变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>的值依次是<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>到<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>,因此矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>的第<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>个元素的值依次被设为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/i</FONT>。我们可用分数来显示此数列:<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">format rat % </FONT>使用分数来表示数值<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">disp(x)   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for</FONT>圈可以是多层的,下例产生一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Hilbert</FONT>矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">h</FONT>,其中为於第<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>列、第<FONT face="Times New Roman">j</FONT>行的元素为<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">h = zeros(6);   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for i = 1:6,   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for j = 1:6,   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">h(i,j) = 1/(i+j-1);    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">disp(h)    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:预先配置矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在上面的例子,我们使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">zeros</FONT>来预先配置(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Allocate</FONT>)了一个适当大小的矩阵。若不预先配置矩阵,程式仍可执行,但此时<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>需要动态地增加(或减小)矩阵的大小,因而降低程式的执行效率。所以在使用一个矩阵时,若能在事前知道其大小,则最好先使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">zeros</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">ones</FONT>等命令来预先配置所需的记忆体(即矩阵)大小。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在下例中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">for</FONT>?圈列出先前产生的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Hilbert</FONT>矩阵的每一行的平方和:<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for i = h,   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">disp(norm(i)^2); % </FONT>印出每一行的平方和<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1299/871   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">282/551    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">650/2343   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">524/2933   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">559/4431   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">831/8801   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在上例中,每一次<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>的值就是矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">h</FONT>的一行,所以写出来的命令特别简洁。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">令一个常用到的重复命令是<FONT face="Times New Roman">while</FONT>?圈,其基本形式为:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">while </FONT>条件式;<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">运算式;<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">也就是说,只要条件示成立,运算式就会一再被执行。例如先前产生调和数列的例子,我们可用<FONT face="Times New Roman">while</FONT>?圈改写如下:<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x = zeros(1,6); % x</FONT>是一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>的零矩阵<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">i = 1;   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">while i &lt;= 6,    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x(i) = 1/i;    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">i = i+1;    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">format short </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 18:59:59 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-3</FONT></B><B normal">、逻辑命令</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">最简单的逻辑命令是<FONT face="Times New Roman">if, ..., end</FONT>,其基本形式为:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">if </FONT>条件式;<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">运算式;<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">if rand(1,1) &gt; 0.5,    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">disp('Given random number is greater than 0.5.');   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Given random number is greater than 0.5. </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:00:15 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-4</FONT></B><B normal">、集合多个命令於一个</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT></B><B normal">档案</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若要一次执行大量的<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>命令,可将这些命令存放於一个副档名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>的档案,并在<FONT face="Times New Roman"> MATLAB</FONT>提示号下键入此档案的主档名即可。此种包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>命令的档案都以<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>为副档名,因此通称<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M-files</FONT>)。例如一个名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案,包含一连串的<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>命令,那麽只要直接键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>,即可执行其所包含的命令:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">pwd % </FONT>显示现在的目录<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans =    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">D:\MATLAB5\bin   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">cd c:\data\mlbook % </FONT>进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>所在的目录<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">type test.m % </FONT>显示<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>的内容<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">% This is my first test M-file.   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">% Roger Jang, <st1:date Month="3" Day="3" Year="1997">March 3, 1997</st1:date>   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">fprintf('Start of test.m!\n');   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for i = 1:3,   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">fprintf('i = %d ---&gt; i^3 = %d\n', i, i^3);    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">fprintf('End of test.m!\n');   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">test % </FONT>执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Start of test.m!   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">i = 1 ---&gt; i^3 = 1   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">i = 2 ---&gt; i^3 = 8   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">i = 3 ---&gt; i^3 = 27   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">End of test.m!   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:第一注解行(<FONT face="Times New Roman">H1 help line</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> test.m</FONT>的前两行是注解,可以使程式易於了解与管理。特别要说明的是,第一注解行通常用来简短说明此<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案的功能,以便<FONT face="Times New Roman">lookfor</FONT>能以关键字比对的方式来找出此<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案。举例来说,<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>的第一注解行包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>这个字,因此如果键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">lookfor test</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>即可列出所有在第一注解行包含<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案,因而<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>也会被列名在内。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">严格来说,<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案可再细分为命令集(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Scripts</FONT>)及函数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Functions</FONT>)。前述的<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>即为命令集,其效用和将命令逐一输入完全一样,因此若在命令集可以直接使用工作空间的变数,而且在命令集中设定的变数,也都在工作空间中看得到。函数则需要用到输入引数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Input arguments</FONT>)和输出引数(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Output arguments</FONT>)来传递资讯,这就像是<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>语言的函数<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或是<FONT face="Times New Roman">FORTRAN</FONT>语言的副程序(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Subroutines</FONT>)。举例来说,若要计算一个正整数的阶乘<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Factorial</FONT>),我们可以写一个如下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>函数并将之存档於<FONT face="Times New Roman">fact.m</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">function output = fact(n)   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">% FACT Calculate factorial of a given positive integer.   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">output = 1;    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">for i = 1:n,    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">output = output*i;    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">fact</FONT>是函数名,<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>是输入引数,<FONT face="Times New Roman">output</FONT>是输出引数,而<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>则是此函数用到的暂时变数。要使用此函数,直接键入函数名及适当输入引数值即可:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = fact(5)   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">y = 120   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">(当然,在执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">fact</FONT>之前,你必须先进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">fact.m</FONT>所在的目录。)在执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">fact(5)</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会跳入一个下层的暂时工作空间(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Temperary workspace</FONT>),将变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>的值设定为<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>,然後进行各项函数的内部运算,所有内部运算所产生的变数(包含输入引数<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>、暂时变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>,以及输出引数<FONT face="Times New Roman">output</FONT>)都存在此暂时工作空间中。运算完毕後,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会将最後输出引数<FONT face="Times New Roman">output</FONT>的值设定给上层的变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>,并将清除此暂时工作空间及其所含的所有变数。换句话说,在呼叫函数时,你只能经由输入引数来控制函数的输入,经由输出引数来得到函数的输出,但所有的暂时变数都会随着函数的结束而消失,你并无法得到它们的值。<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:有关阶乘函数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>前面(及後面)用到的阶乘函数只是纯粹用来说明<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的函数观念。若实际要计算一个正整数<FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT>的阶乘(即<FONT face="Times New Roman">n!</FONT>)时,可直接写成<FONT face="Times New Roman">prod(1:n)</FONT>,或是直接呼叫<FONT face="Times New Roman">gamma</FONT>函数:<FONT face="Times New Roman">gamma(n-1)</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的函数也可以是递?式的(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Recursive</FONT>),也就是说,一个函数可以呼叫它本身。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">举例来说,<FONT face="Times New Roman">n! = n*(n-1)!</FONT>,因此前面的阶乘函数可以改成递式的写法:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">function output = fact(n)   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">% FACT Calculate factorial of a given positive integer recursively.   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">if n == 1, % Terminating condition   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">output = 1;   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">return;   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">end   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">output = n*fact(n-1);    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在写一个递函数时,一定要包含结束条件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Terminating condition</FONT>),否则此函数将会一再呼叫自己,永远不会停止,直到电脑的记忆体被耗尽为止。以上例而言,<FONT face="Times New Roman">n==1</FONT>即满足结束条件,此时我们直接将<FONT face="Times New Roman">output</FONT>设为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,而不再呼叫此函数本身。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:00:31 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-5</FONT></B><B normal">、搜寻路径</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">在前一节中,<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>所在的目录是<FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\mlbook</FONT>。如果不先进入这个目录,<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>就找不到你要执行的<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案。如果希望<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>不论在何处都能执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>,那麽就必须将<FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\mlbook</FONT>加入<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的搜寻路径(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Search path</FONT>)上。要检视<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的搜寻路径,键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">path</FONT>即可:<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">path    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLABPATH   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\general   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\ops   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\lang   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\elmat    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\elfun    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\specfun    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\matfun    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\datafun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\polyfun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\funfun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\sparfun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\graph2d   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\graph3d   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\specgraph    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\graphics   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\uitools   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\strfun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\iofun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\timefun   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\datatypes   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\dde   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\demos   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\tour    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\simulink\simulink   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\simulink\blocks   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\simulink\simdemos    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\simulink\dee   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\local   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">此搜寻路径会依已安装的工具箱(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Toolboxes</FONT>)不同而有所不同。要查询某一命令是在搜寻路径的何处,可用<FONT face="Times New Roman">which</FONT>命令:<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">which expo   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\matlab5\toolbox\matlab\demos\expo.m   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">很显然<FONT face="Times New Roman">c:\data\mlbook</FONT>并不在<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的搜寻路径中,因此<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>找不到<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>这个<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">which test   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">c:\data\mlbook\test.m   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">要将<FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\mlbook</FONT>加入<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的搜寻路径,还是使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">path</FONT>命令:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">path(path, 'c:\data\mlbook');    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">此时<FONT face="Times New Roman">d:\mlbook</FONT>已加入<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>搜寻路径(键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">path</FONT>试看看),因此<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>已经<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>看<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>得到<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m:   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">which test   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">c:\data\mlbook\test.m   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">现在我们就可以直接键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>,而不必先进入<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>所在的目录。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:如何在其启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>时,自动设定所需的搜寻路径?<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>如果在每一次启动<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>後都要设定所需的搜寻路径,将是一件很麻烦的事。有两种方法,可以使<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>启动後<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>,即可载入使用者定义的搜寻路径:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.MATLAB</FONT>的预设搜寻路径是定义在<FONT face="Times New Roman">matlabrc.m</FONT>(在<FONT face="Times New Roman">c:\matlab</FONT>之下,或是其他安装<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB </FONT>的主目录下),<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>每次启动後,即自动执行此档案。因此你可以直接修改<FONT face="Times New Roman">matlabrc.m </FONT>,以加入新的目录於搜寻路径之中。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.MATLAB</FONT>在执行<FONT face="Times New Roman">matlabrc.m</FONT>时,同时也会在预设搜寻路径中寻找<FONT face="Times New Roman">startup.m</FONT>,若此档案存在,则执行其所含的命令。因此我们可将所有在<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>启动时必须执行的命令(包含更改搜寻路径的命令),放在此档案中。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">每次<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>遇到一个命令(例如<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>)时,其处置程序为:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>视为使用者定义的变数。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT>若<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>不是使用者定义的变数,将其视为永久常数<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.</FONT>若<FONT face="Times New Roman">test</FONT>不是永久常数,检查其是否为目前工作目录下的<FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT>档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.</FONT>若不是,则由搜寻路径寻找是否有<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.m</FONT>的档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5.</FONT>若在搜寻路径中找不到,则<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>会发出哔哔声并印出错误讯息。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">以下介绍与<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>搜寻路径相关的各项命令。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:00:46 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-6</FONT></B><B normal">、资料的储存与载入</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">有些计算旷日废时,那麽我们通常希望能将计算所得的储存在档案中,以便将来可进行其他处理。<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>储存变数的基本命令是<FONT face="Times New Roman">save</FONT>,在不加任何选项(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Options</FONT>)时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">save</FONT>会将变数以二进制(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Binary</FONT>)的方式储存至副档名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">mat</FONT>的档案,如下述:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">save</FONT>:将工作空间的所有变数储存到名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">matlab.mat</FONT>的二进制档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">save filename</FONT>:将工作空间的所有变数储存到名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename.mat</FONT>的二进制档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> save filename x y z </FONT>:将变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT>储存到名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename.mat</FONT>的二进制档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">以下为使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">save</FONT>命令的一个简例:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">who % </FONT>列出工作空间的变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Your variables are:  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">B h j y   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ans i x z   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">save test B y % </FONT>将变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>与<FONT face="Times New Roman">y</FONT>储存至<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.mat   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">dir % </FONT>列出现在目录中的档案<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">. 2plotxy.doc fact.m simulink.doc test.m ~$1basic.doc   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">.. 3plotxyz.doc first.doc temp.doc test.mat   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1basic.doc book.dot go.m template.doc testfile.dat   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">delete test.mat % </FONT>删除<FONT face="Times New Roman">test.mat   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">以二进制的方式储存变数,通常档案会比较小,而且在载入时速度较快,但是就无法用普通的文书软体(例如<FONT face="Times New Roman">pe2</FONT>或记事本)看到档案内容。若想看到档案内容,则必须加上<FONT face="Times New Roman">-ascii</FONT>选项,详见下述:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">save filename x -ascii</FONT>:将变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>以八位数存到名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>档案。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Save filename x -ascii -double</FONT>:将变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>以十六位数存到名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>档案。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">另一个选项是<FONT face="Times New Roman">-tab</FONT>,可将同一列相邻的数目以定位键(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tab</FONT>)隔开。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">小提示:二进制和<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>档案的比较<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">save</FONT>命令使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">-ascii</FONT>选项後,会有下列现象<FONT face="Times New Roman">:save</FONT>命令就不会在档案名称後加上<FONT face="Times New Roman">mat</FONT>的副档名。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">因此以副档名<FONT face="Times New Roman">mat</FONT>结尾的档案通常是<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的二进位资料档。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若非有特殊需要,我们应该尽量以二进制方式储存资料。<FONT face="Times New Roman">    </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">load</FONT>命令可将档案载入以取得储存之变数:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">load filename</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">load</FONT>会寻找名称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename.mat</FONT>的档案,并以二进制格式载入。若找不到<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename.mat</FONT>,则寻找名称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename</FONT>的档案,并以<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>格式载入。<FONT face="Times New Roman">load filename -ascii</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">load</FONT>会寻找名称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">filename</FONT>的档案,并以<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>格式载入。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">若以<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>格式载入,则变数名称即为档案名称(但不包含副档名)。若以二进制载入,则可保留原有的变数名称,如下例:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">clear all; % </FONT>清除工作空间中的变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">x = <st1:time Hour="1" Minute="10">1:10</st1:time>;   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">save testfile.dat x -ascii % </FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>以<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>格式存至名为<FONT face="Times New Roman">testfile.dat</FONT>的档案<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">load testfile.dat % </FONT>载入<FONT face="Times New Roman">testfile.dat   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">who % </FONT>列出工作空间中的变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Your variables are:  </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face="Times New Roman">testfile x   </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">注意在上述过程中,由於是以<FONT face="Times New Roman">ASCII</FONT>格式储存与载入,所以产生了一个与档案名称相同的变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">testfile</FONT>,此变数的值和原变数<FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT>完全相同。<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2004-5-4 19:01:02 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1-7</FONT></B><B normal">、结束</B><B normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB   </FONT></B></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto">有三种方法可以结束<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>< 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">exit </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT>键入<FONT face="Times New Roman">quit </FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.</FONT>直接关闭<FONT face="Times New Roman">MATLAB</FONT>的命令视窗(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Command window</FONT>)</P>
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